Oxygen Narcotics

Pulmonic (inhalation) Fast, quantitative uptake Limited to gaseous agents (oxygen / narcotics)... 

Although in most real multimaterial fires, exposure doses of CO produced normally far exceed those of other toxicants, significant combined effects have certainly been demonstrated with rodents in the laboratory. In addition to those described here with CO, HCN and HC1, such effects have also been reported due to C02 and to low oxygen when in combination with the narcotic toxicants (22,25). These all need to be studied further, preferably with nonhuman primates, in order to determine their impact on hazards to humans. Smoke atmospheres are likely to be much more hazardous than one would initially suspect from consideration of the concentrations of the individual toxicants taken separately. Perhaps, the major concern should not be so much the toxicity of HC1 or HCN, but rather, the toxicity of combinations of these gases with CO, C02 and low oxygen as may be present in smoke. 

Manipulations of any kind in untrained carnivores require general anaesthesia. Sample collection was therefore performed on anaesthetised individuals. Depending on the preferences of the veterinarian, the fossas were either caught with nets or anaesthetised by a combination of injectable narcotics (Xylazine 2.5-5.0 mg/kg, Ketam-inhydrochloride 10.5-20 mg/kg and Diazepam 0.5-1.0 mg/kg) prior to anaesthesia by inhalation gases (Isoflurane 1.5-3 Vol. % and Oxygen l-2L/min) applied by facial mask. 

Three workers applying an epoxy-based waterproofing paint containing glycidyl ether inside an underground water tank died in the tank of asphyxia. Constituents of epoxy resin will displace oxygen in a confined space and may have an independent narcotic effect on exposed workers. Strict precautionary measures are recommended under these conditions. ... 

It is indicated as a narcotic analgesic supplement in general or regional anaesthesia, as an anaesthetic agent with oxygen and skeletal relaxant in selected high risk patients (e.g. open heart surgery). 

Note Nonpolar hydrocarbon solvent mild, gasoline-like odor soluble in hydrocarbons, alcohols, organic halides, acetone, benzene flammable moderately toxic by inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption, may be narcotic at high concentrations reacts with oxygen (air) at elevated temperatures decomposes upon heating incompatible with strong oxidants. Synonyms benzene hexahydride, hexameth-ylene, hexanaphthene, hexahydrobenzene. 

Inhalation may cause dizziness, headache, and nausea mixed with oxygen, it can have narcotic properties, but it is primarily an asphyxiant. Avoid breathing gas. 

Narcotic gases or asphyxiants cause a decrease in oxygen supplied to body tissue, resulting in central nervous system depression, with loss of consciousness and ultimately death. The severity of the effects increases with increasing dose.2 The main asphyxiants, carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide, have been widely studied and are the best understood.5... 

The stereodrawing of morphine plotted by a computer program (41) and based on the coordinates and thermal parameters experimentally determined by X-ray analysis of a crystal of the HBr salt (42) has been oriented to show the characteristic T shape of the molecule (or ion with the protonated N) in Fig. 20(a). Naloxone, a potent narcotic antagonist, differs from morphine chemically in the substitution of an allyl chain for the methyl group on the N atom, the substitution of OH for H at C-14, the saturation of the C-7-C-8 bond, and a carbonyl oxygen at C-6 rather than a hydroxyl. The stereodrawing of naloxone in Fig. 20(b) shows that morphine and naloxone (43) have identical molecular conformations, except for atoms C-6 and C-7 in ring D. 

Figure 2.4. Schematic of gas exchange in the human lung. The distance for diffusion is a mere 20 pm. The total surface area available for exchange is about 80 m. Exchange of oxygen, CO2 and dmg gases such as narcotics is therefore very fast.

Other experimental reproductive effects. A skin and severe eye irritant. A narcotic. Human mutation data reported. A common air contaminant. Highly flammable liquid. NCxmres of 30-60% of the vapor in air ignite above 100°. It can react violently with acid anhydrides, alcohols, ketones, phenols, NH3, HCN, H2S, halogens, P, isocyanates, strong alkalies, and amines. Reactions with cobalt chloride, mercury(II) chlorate, or mercury(II) perchlorate form violendy in the presence of traces of metals or acids. Reaction with oxygen may lead to detonation. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and fumes. 

Of the procedures evaluated, 19 involved only minor complications, including fever over 38.1°C within 12 hours of pleurodesis in 13, asymptomatic hypoxemia in 19, dyspnea relieved by oxygen in six, and an increased need for narcotics in five. Subcutaneous emphysema, local infection, and asymptomatic hypotension each occurred after one procedure. There were major complications in 11 patients, including one patient with pulmonary embolism, three with unilateral pulmonary edema, eight who developed bilateral pulmonary edema, and one who died within 24 hours after bilateral talc administration. Patients developed respiratory complications after 24 of 28 talc pleurodesis procedures. The most significant respiratory complication was... 

Propane is not considered to be inherently toxic to humans. Air concentrations up to 10 000 ppm (10%) for a few minutes will only produce slight dizziness in humans. At high concentrations, it may have a narcotic effect but at concentrations below 100 ppm, propane causes no physiological effects in humans. However, it will cause chemical suffocation at concentrations that are high enough to displace oxygen. 

The victim should be removed from the source of exposure. For inhalation exposures, fresh air should be supplied. Artificial respiration should be provided if breathing has stopped oxygen should be administered if available. Treatment should be symptomatic, noting the narcotic effect of pyridine. Dermal exposure should be minimized by washing away all traces of the... 

Hazard Highly flammable. Forms flammable and explosive mixtures with air or oxygen. Explosive limits in air 2.4—10.3% by volume. Moderately toxic by inhalation. Narcotic in high concentration. 

The treatment of respiratory acidosis is dependent on the chronicity of the patient s condition. Respiratory decompensation in patients with chronic elevations in PaC02 are frequently seen in those with acute infections and those recently started on narcotic analgesics or oxygen therapy. Aggressive treatment of these conditions can offer considerable benefit and should be initiated. Furthermore, tranquilizers and sedatives should be avoided and supplemental oxygen, if used, should be minimized. 

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