Respiratory complications

Acute chest syndrome An acute respiratory complication of sicklecell disease characterized by chest pain, fever, and pulmonary infiltrates. 

Inhalation route juveniles exposed to air concentrations of 12,000-2,780,000 pg acrolein/L (272-63,100 mg/m3) for 5 min, then tested for learned avoidance/escape response Avoidance/escape response enhanced in all animals at all concentrations tested. The group exposed to 1,025,000 pg/L air died with respiratory complications within 24 h postexposure. The group exposed to the highest concentration of 2,780,000 pg/L for 5 min died within 90 min postexposure with severe respiratory complications 17... 

Clinical signs associated with widespread pancreatic inflammation and necrosis include marked epigastric tenderness, abdominal distention, hypotension, and low-grade fever. In severe disease, bowel sounds are diminished or absent. Dyspnea and tachypnea are signs of acute respiratory complications. 

Water-soluble Stable in solution Pain on IV injection Non-irritant on subcutaneous injection Painful on arterial injection No sequelae from arterial injection Low incidence of venous thrombosis Pharmacodynamic characteristics Rapid onset Cumulation Excitatory effects Respiratory complications Hypotension Tachycardia Analgesic... 

The most notable differences from thiopentone consist of a high incidence of spontaneous muscle movements, tremor and hypertonus (20% compared with 4% for thiopentone). The incidence is directly related to the dose and rate of administration and is increased by drugs, such as hyoscine and droperidol, and decreased by opioid premedication. Respiratory complications. 

Neuraminidase is an essential viral glycoprotein for virus replication and release. The neuraminidase inhibitors zanamivir and oseltamivir have recently been approved for the treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza infection. When a 5-day course of therapy is initiated within 36-48 hours after the onset of symptoms, use of either agent shortens the severity and duration of illness and may decrease the incidence of respiratory complications in children and adults. Unlike amantadine and rimantidine, zanamivir and oseltamivir have activity against both influenza A and influenza B. Zanamivir is administered via oral inhaler. The compound displays poor oral bioavailability, limited plasma protein binding, rapid renal clearance, and absence of significant metabolism. Nasal and throat discomfort may occur—as well as bronchospasm in patients with reactive airway disease. 

Fentanyl and its analogs are drugs of abuse. Overdose and dependence may lead to respiratory complications and death.58 Adverse effects can be treated with drugs such as naloxone, atropine, and neuromuscular blockers. In general, interactions are similar to those of opioid analgesics. 

Diaphragmatic, laryngeal, and glottal dyskinesias have been described as part of the tardive dyskinesia syndrome and can cause respiratory complications (160,161). 

The authors of the second case reported that five such cases have been reported in the past 4 years in the British literature the respiratory complications were thought to be due to severe physical exercise or secondary to vomiting. It is therefore possible that this complication may not be due to a direct effect of MDMA, but rather a consequence of repeated Valsalva maneuvers associated with the dance habits of ecstasy users or vomiting induced by the drug. 

Morbidity and mortality associated with wildfires include burns, inhalation injuries, respiratory complications, and stress-related cardiovascular events (exhaustion and myocardial infarction while fighting or fleeing the fire). 

Dornase alfa Pulmozyme (Genentech) Respiratory complications of cystic fibrosis... 

Two cases of respiratory complications following the use of bismuth gallate have been reported (9). 

Both patients had a history of refractory airway disease that put them at risk of respiratory complications after bismuth aspiration. Fortunately neither developed any serious respiratory compromise immediately after aspiration or required intubation. 

The prevalence of methotrexate pneumonitis has been variably estimated from 0.3 to 18%, with a mean estimated prevalence of 3.3% (14,16). In a review of the respiratory complications of methotrexate, the authors concluded that pneumonitis occurs in 7% of patients, in 25% of whom it is fatal as a result of respiratory failure (18). This can occur with any dose of methotrexate, given via any route it has occurred after the intrathecal administration of 12 mg given for central nervous system prophylaxis (19). In a review of 194 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 38 with psoriatic arthritis, the prevalences of pneumonitis were 2.1 and 0.03% respectively (14), which is similar to the 3.2% incidence in a prospective study of 124 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (20). Another analysis performed over 5 years showed that the estimated prevalence of definite or probable pneumonitis was only 0.86% in 1162 patients (10 patients, of whom three died), but this conclusion was based on a limited retrospective identification of cases (21). 

Camus P. Manifestations respiratoires associees aux traite-ments par la D-penicillamine. [The respiratory complications of D-penicillamine therapy.] Rev Fr Mai Respir 1982 10(l) 7-20. 

Of the procedures evaluated, 19 involved only minor complications, including fever over 38.1°C within 12 hours of pleurodesis in 13, asymptomatic hypoxemia in 19, dyspnea relieved by oxygen in six, and an increased need for narcotics in five. Subcutaneous emphysema, local infection, and asymptomatic hypotension each occurred after one procedure. There were major complications in 11 patients, including one patient with pulmonary embolism, three with unilateral pulmonary edema, eight who developed bilateral pulmonary edema, and one who died within 24 hours after bilateral talc administration. Patients developed respiratory complications after 24 of 28 talc pleurodesis procedures. The most significant respiratory complication was... 

Since the literature on this topic largely comprises case reports and retrospective reviews, it is possible that complications may have been under-reported. In addition, there is marked variability in the reported incidence of respiratory complications from series to series, and there is the additional confounding factor that malignant pleural effusion, a condition with a poor short-term survival and significant associated morbidity, is often the... 

Flat-type refers to the characteristic lesions, which are flush with the skin rather than raised vesicles. In outbreaks in India, flat-type smallpox was responsible for between 5 and 10% of cases, with most of the flat-type cases (72%) occurring in children (25). Constitutional symptoms associated with the 3 day prodrome are more severe than in ordinary smallpox and continue after the rash develops. Patients have a high fever and appear toxic throughout the course of the illness. Oral lesions tend to be extensive, and the skin lesions evolve slowly. By the 7 or 8 day, the flat skin lesions appear buried in the skin. In comparison to ordinary smallpox, the vesicles contain little fluid and do not develop the characteristic umbilication. Unlike ordinary smallpox, flat-type smallpox lesions are soft and velvety in texture. The lesions may contain hemorrhages. Respiratory complications are common, and the prognosis for flat-type smallpox is grave. Most cases are fatal (25). 

Nelson FW, Hecht JT, Horton WA, Butler IJ, Goldie WD, Miner M. Neurological basis of respiratory complications in achondroplasia. Ann Neurol 1988 24 89-93. 

Although incapacitating airway injury occurs at vapor exposures significantly lower than those that cause severe skin blistering, inhaled sulfur mustard injures respiratory epithelium from the nasopharynx to the bronchioles. Since WWI, the majority of deaths occurring in sulfur mustard casualties have resulted from respiratory complications (Vedder, 1925 Warthin et al., 1918 Willems, 1989). Mild cases are treated to allow maximum comfort, whereas severe cases must attain ade-... 

Chronic pulmonary disease. In the 3 year postexposure time frame, the most severely affected patients demonstrated restrictive pulmonary disease patterns. By 16 years postexposure, these patterns become obstmctive in nature (Balali-Mood and Hefazi, 2006). At 16-20 years after exposure, the main respiratory complications were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, asthma, large airway narrowing, and pulmonary fibrosis (Balali-Mood and Hefazi, 2006). 

Hefazi M, Attaran D, Mahmoudi M, BalaU-Mood M. Late respiratory complications of mustard gas poisoning in Iranian Veterans. Inhal. Toxicol. 2005 17 587-592. 

In severe disease, bowel sounds are diminished or absent dyspnea and tachypnea are signs of acute respiratory complications. 

The administration of one dose of surfactant into the trachea of the premature infant immediately after birth may transiently improve respiratory function but does not improve overall mortality. In Colleen s case, intensive therapy allowed her to survive this acute respiratory complication of prematurity. 

The main.stay of medical therapy in OP poisoning is atropine or glycopyirolate 2-PAM, and diazepam which can be used for seizure control. In 1992, De Silva and Wijcwickrema studied the treatment of OP poisoning with atropine and 2-PAM and, later in the same year, with atropine alone. They found that atropine seemed to be as effective as atropine plus 2-PAM in the treatment of acute OP poi.soning. The controversy continued when other authors observed more respiratory complications and higher mortality rates with the use of high-do.se 2-PAM. Low dose (1-2 g) 2-PAM is the current recommendation. 

IM. Short half-life. Mean time to abortion is 16 hours. Incomplete abortion. Nausea, vomiting, fever. Uterine rupture, perforation, inflammation, cramps, CNS, cardiovascular and respiratory complications. U 0 20% saline solution is preferred for abortion. Consider alternatives for women with previous C sections. 

Morphine can cause respiratory compromise, especially when given frequently and in large doses. This client is already at risk for respiratory complications from the emphysema. 

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