Outcomes composition

Many trials combine events in their primary outcome measure. This can produce a useful measure of the overall effect of treatment on all the relevant outcomes, and it usually affords greater statistical power, but the outcome that is most important to a particular patient may be affected differently by treatment than the combined outcome. Composite outcomes also sometimes combine events of very different severity, and treatment effects can be driven by the least important outcome, which is often the most frequent. Equally problematic is the composite of definite clinical events and episodes of hospitalization. The fact that a patient is in a trial will probably affect the likelihood of hospitalization and it will certainly vary between different healthcare systems. 

Califf RM (2014b) Patient-centered outcomes composites a glimpse of the future. Circulation... 

Dependent variable Fatalities per million inhabitants Fatalities per million passenger-kilometers % reduction in fatalities 2001-2010 Composite index of road safety outcomes Composite index on Safety Performance Indicators (SPI)... 

Colloidal State. The principal outcome of many of the composition studies has been the delineation of the asphalt system as a colloidal system at ambient or normal service conditions. This particular concept was proposed in 1924 and described the system as an oil medium in which the asphaltene fraction was dispersed. The transition from a coUoid to a Newtonian Hquid is dependent on temperature, hardness, shear rate, chemical nature, etc. At normal service temperatures asphalt is viscoelastic, and viscous at higher temperatures. The disperse phase is a micelle composed of the molecular species that make up the asphaltenes and the higher molecular weight aromatic components of the petrolenes or the maltenes (ie, the nonasphaltene components). Complete peptization of the micelle seems probable if the system contains sufficient aromatic constituents, in relation to the concentration of asphaltenes, to allow the asphaltenes to remain in the dispersed phase. 

In this way, the near-linear chlorophyll-phosphorus relationship in lakes depends upon the outcome of a large number of interactive processes occurring in each one of the component systems in the model. One of the most intriguing aspects of those components is that the chlorophyll models do not need to take account of the species composition of the phytoplankton in which chlorophyll is a constituent. The development of blooms of potentially toxic cyanobacteria is associated with eutrophication and phosphorus concentration, yet it is not apparent that the yield of cyanobacterial biomass requires any more mass-specific contribution from phosphorus. The explanation for this paradox is not well understood, but it is extremely important to understand that it is a matter of dynamics. The bloom-forming cyanobacteria are among the slowest-growing and most light-sensitive members of the phytoplankton. ... 

The composition of hybrids can be discussed quantitatively. The outcome is that, if two equivalent hybrids composed of an s-orbital and two p-orbitals make an angle B to each other, then the hybrids can be regarded as sp with X = —cos fl/cos2 (20). What is the hybridization of the two O—H bonds in H20 ... 

Many of the d-block elements form characteristically colored solutions in water. For example, although solid copper(II) chloride is brown and copper(II) bromide is black, their aqueous solutions are both light blue. The blue color is due to the hydrated copper(II) ions, [Cu(H20)fJ2+, that form when the solids dissolve. As the formula suggests, these hydrated ions have a specific composition they also have definite shapes and properties. They can be regarded as the outcome of a reaction in which the water molecules act as Lewis bases (electron pair donors, Section 10.2) and the Cu2+ ion acts as a Lewis acid (an electron pair acceptor). This type of Lewis acid-base reaction is characteristic of many cations of d-block elements. 

As shown in this chapter, by focusing on the modulation of enzyme selectivity by medium engineering, quite simple modifications of the solvent composition can really have significant effects on the performances of the biocatalysts. The main drawback remains the lack of reliable predictive models. Despite the significant research efforts (particularly in the last decade), it is likely that a reasonable foresight of the enantioselective outcome of an enzymatic transformation will continue to be based solely on a careful analysis of the increasingly numerous literature reports. 

Acute Anticoagulation for AF-associated Stroke HAEST and 1ST provided valuable data on relatively large numbers (449 in HAEST, 3169 in 1ST) of patients with AF-associated ischemic stroke treated with acute anticoagulation (danaparoid in HAEST, UFH in 1ST). HAEST found no reduction in early stroke recurrence or effect on late functional outcome in the LMWH arm. In contrast, 1ST found a dose-dependent reduction in early recurrence rates, but no late functional benefit associated with UFH. However, this was offset by an increase in rates of sICH among patients with AF receiving UFH, with no net benefit in the composite outcome of recurrence stroke and sICH combined. The reasons for the discrepancy between trials is unclear. 

A review is presented here of certification approaches, followed by several of the major agencies and individual developers of RMs for chemical composition, addressing some of the many associated scientific aspects that significantly impinge on the conduct and outcome of the analytical characterization exercises. These include definition of analytical methods selection of analytical methodologies, analysts and laboratories in-house characterization and cooperative inter-laboratory characterization. 

Root products may be classified into types on the basis of their (1) chemical properties, such as composition, solubility, stability (e.g., hydrolysis, oxidation), volatility, molecular weight etc. (2) site of origin and (3) e.stablished, not just perceived, functions. The chemical properties determine in turn their biological activity and how the compounds will behave in soils their persistence in soil is very much an outcome of their chemical behavior, particularly sorption and their biodegradability. 

Changes in cell-wall protein composition may regulate the molecular architecture of protein networks in a manner that allows new developmental outcomes for both fungal cell adhesion and root colonization. Further investigation of the structure and regulation of SRAP wall proteins will provide a more complete picture of their role in developing ectomycorrhizal tissues. Incompatibility between ectomycorrhizal hyphae and the host roots detected during the initial con-... 

A possible solution would be to use a bench scale test to eliminate the more hazardous composite but, depending on the outcome of current research, it may still be necessary to use the full scale hood test approach (Nordtest) to indicate safety. 

The causes of variability of superovulatory responses are complex and not fully understood. The general health of the animal, as well as its characteristic reproductive physiology, is important. The exact composition of the gonadotrophin preparations administered and the exact administration protocol also influence the outcome. The variability of FSH LH ratios in many p-FSH preparations can affect the results obtained, with the most consistent superovulatory responses being observed when FSH preparations exhibiting low LH activity are used. The availability of recombinant FSH and LH will overcome these difficulties at least. 

Assessing the outcome of EN includes monitoring objective measures of body composition, protein and energy balance, and subjective outcome for physiologic muscle function and wound healing. 

Shape selectivity and orbital confinement effects are direct results of the physical dimensions of the available space in microscopic vessels and are independent of the chemical composition of nano-vessels. However, the chemical composition in many cases cannot be ignored because in contrast to traditional solution chemistry where reactions occur primarily in a dynamic solvent cage, the majority of reactions in nano-vessels occur in close proximity to a rigid surface of the container (vessel) and can be influenced by the chemical and physical properties of the vessel walls. Consequently, we begin this review with a brief examination of both the shape (structure) and chemical compositions of a unique set of nano-vessels, the zeolites, and then we will move on to examine how the outcome of photochemical reactions can be influenced and controlled in these nanospace environments. 

The results of such experiments, carried out over a range of temperatures, are summarized on a phase diagram (Fig. 4.1 b), which can be used to predict the outcome of any preparation in the NaF-ZnF2 system. In such diagrams, each phase is drawn as a line, as in the example of NaZnF3 above, because they show no composition range. Such compounds are referred to as stoichiometric compounds and, sometimes, with the appearance of the phase diagram in mind, line phases. 

We can conclude that it is possible to use some of the cold feed as reflux in the top stage without voiding the product composition specification. This outcome is not an obvious choice for the problem specifications. 

In summary, the physiological control of silk protein conversion shows an ingenious balance of activating and inhibiting mechanisms that are dependent on composition and sequence arrangement (Krejchi et al., 1994). Denaturing effects observed in silks appear to be identical to those found in amyloid-forming proteins, and they principally alter the competitive outcome of the hydration of nonpolar and polar residues (Anfinsen, 1973 Dill, 1990 Dobson and Karplus, 1999 Kauzmann, 1959). The key differences to amyloids may lie in the hierarchical level of the structures (Muthukumar et al., 1997) involved in the assembly of silks compared to amyloids. 

Typically, however, you want to deal with multiple possible exception outcomes in a more flexible manner. If you place an on-line order, given the preceding spec, what should happen if the credit card number and address are both invalid Which exception should be raised It is best to leave to the implementor the choice of which exception to signal as long as failure indication is guaranteed. This technique helps with composition of specifications, each with its own exception conditions, as is the case of failures in distributed systems. Hence ... 

Composition is an age-old idea in software specification and development any method must have clear rules about the outcome of combining designs, specifications, or code. Popular 00 methods do not address this issue in a meaningful way. Exceptions are Disco s composition of entire models [Kurth90], Syntropy s subtyping and viewpoints [Cook94], and OORAM s role-model synthesis [Reenskang95], Related work in non-00 approaches are plentiful Z, Unity, and so on. 

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