Organophosphorus neurotoxicity

Cho. T., Wild, J. R., Donnelly, K, C., and Tiifany-Castiglioni, E, (2005). Remediation of organophosphorus neurotoxicity in SY5Y neuroblastoma cells by organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH). L Toricol. Envir. Health A. In pie.s.s. 

Hansen LG. 1983. Biotransformation of organophosphorus compounds relative to delayed neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 4 97-111. 

Ohkawa H, Oshita H, Miyamoto J. 1980. Comparison of inhibitory activity of various organophosphorus compounds against acetylcholinesterase and neurotoxic esterase of hens with respect to delayed neurotoxicity. Biochem Pharmacol 29 2721-2727. 

Organophosphate Ester Hydraulic Fluids. A number of studies have been conducted on organophosphate ester hydraulic fluids because of the well known neurotoxic effects caused by organophosphorus insecticides, organophosphorus nerve gases, and tri-ort/w-cresyl phosphate (TOCP). The following manifestations of acute exposure to organophosphorus compounds have been described ... 

Abou-Donia MB. 1983. Interaction between neurotoxicities induced by organophosphorus and long-chain hexacarbon compounds. Neurotoxicology 4 117-136. 

Abou-Donia MB, Lapadula DM. 1990. Mechanisms of organophosphorus ester-induced delayed neurotoxicity Type I and Type II. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 30 405-440. 

Chemiak MG. 1988. Toxicological screening for organophosphorus-induced delayed neurotoxicity Complications in toxicity testing. Neurotoxicology 9 249-272. 

Johnson MK. 1982. The target for initiation of delayed neurotoxicity by organophosphorus esters biochemical studies and toxicological applications. In Hodgson E, Bend JR, Philpot, RM, eds. Reviews of biochemical toxicology, Vol 4. New York Elsevier, 141-212. 

Johnson MK, Barnes JM. 1970. Age and the sensitivity of chicks to the delayed neurotoxic effects on some organophosphorus compounds. Biochem Pharmacol 19 3045-3047. 

Schwab BW, Richardson RJ. 1986. Lymphocyte and brain neurotoxic esterase Dose and time dependence of inhibition in the hen examined with three organophosphorus esters. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 83 1-9. 

M. B. Abou-Donia, D. M. Lapadula, Mechanisms of Organophosphorus Ester-Induced Delayed Neurotoxicity Type I and Type II , Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1990, 30, 405-440. 

Acute and 28-day delayed neurotoxicity of organophosphorus substances (August 1998)... 

B.37 Delayed Neurotoxicity of Organophosphorus Substances Following Acute Exposure (1996)... 

Delayed neurotoxicity of organophosphorus substances following acute exposure 1995... 

In addition to these standard acute toxicity studies, the OECD, US-EPA, and EU have developed a specific test guideline for delayed neurotoxicity of organophosphorus substances in the domestic laying hen following acute exposure, see Table 4.6. 

The delayed neurotoxicity smdies of organophosphorus substances provide information on the delayed neurotoxicity arising from repeated exposure over a relatively limited period of the animal s life span. The smdy is used in the assessment and evaluation of the neurotoxic effects of organophosphorus substances and will provide information on dose-response relationship and can provide an estimate of a NOAEL for delayed neurotoxicity. See also Section 4.7.7. 

Delayed Neurotoxicity of Organophosphorus Substances Following Acute Exposure (OECD TG 418/US-EPA OPPTS 870.6100/EU Annex V method B.37) (Section 4.4.3.1)... 

Johnson MK Delayed neurotoxic action of some organophosphorus compounds. Br Med Bull 25 231-235, 1969... 

Insect resistance and environmental pollution due to the repeated application of persistent synthetic chemical insecticides have led to an Increased interest in the discovery of new chemicals with which to control Insect pests. Synthetic insecticides, including chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphorus esters, carbamates, and synthetic pyrethroids, will continue to contribute greatly to the increases in the world food production realized over the past few decades. The dollar benefit of these chemicals has been estimated at about 4 per 1 cost (JJ. Nevertheless, the repeated and continuous annual use in the United States of almost 400 million pounds of these chemicals, predominantly in the mass agricultural insecticide market (2), has become problematic. Many key species of insect pests have become resistant to these chemicals, while a number of secondary species now thrive due to the decimation of their natural enemies by these nonspecific neurotoxic insecticides. Additionally, these compounds sometimes persist in the environment as toxic residues, well beyond the time of their Intended use. New chemicals are therefore needed which are not only effective pest... 

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