Black waters, particle organic carbon

Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations in smoke aerosol can be measured by using a semicontinuous thermal-optical OC/EC instruments [18]. Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and water-soluble ions can be detected in smoke plumes with a PILS combined with a total organic carbon analyzer [30] and IC [19]. Besides smoke-specific tracers, the HR-ToF-AMS enables to study the concentrations of organic matter (OM), nitrate, ammonium, sulfate, and chloride in smoke particles [30]. Black carbon (BC) can be measured in real-time with several instruments, e.g., with aethalometer [19], multi-angle absorption photometer [29], and particle soot absorption photometer [25]. 

Very small, solid particles include carbon black, silver iodide, combustion nuclei, and sea-salt nuclei formed by the loss of water from droplets of seawater. Larger particles include cement dust, wind-blown soil dust, foundry dust, and pulverized coal. Liquid particulate matter, mist, includes raindrops, fog, and sulfuric acid droplets. Some particles are of biological origin, such as viruses, bacteria, bacterial spores, fungal spores, and pollen. Particulate matter may be organic or inorganic both types are very important atmospheric contaminants. 

Solvent effects on Monarch 1100 dispersions were also investigated. Table in shows the results when 0.1 wt% solids were mixed with water, toluene and hexachlorobutadiene under identical conditions of ultrasound treatment. It is evident that toluene is not a good medium into which any of the Monarch type san iles should be dispersed. Furthermore, by con aring with Table II data, water has been siqierceded by the chlorinated organic as the best of the solvents evaluated to achieve carbon black size reduction. It is not possible to explain die observed trend of solvent effects on particle size reduction by shear or sonic... 

Filtration of the water through carbon black is a type of tertiary treatment effective for removing soluble organic compounds that are nonbiodegrad-able and thus remain in the water after secondary treatment. Carbon black consists of finely divided carbon particles with a large surface area on which solutes, including certain potentially toxic substances, can be adsorbed. 

In view of such applications, the adsorption of a grafted (rake-type) polymeric siloxane surfactant containing 48% PDMS, 39% PEO, and 13% PPO on carbon black particles dispersed in mixtures of water with polar organic solvents has been investigated [58]. The adsorption was foimd to obey the Langmuir isotherm below the critical micelle concentration and a sharp increase in the adsorbed amount was observed at higher surfactant concentrations. DLS and SANS data indicate that the structure of the adsorbed layer is similar to that of micelles. 

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