Organic compounds characteristics

Do the problem-solving LAB below to learn how functional groups give organic compounds characteristic properties that may be used to identify a compound s general type. 

Some acids (e.g., acetic and citric) have a sour taste. In fact, sourness had been a defining property since the 17 " century an acid was any substance that had a sour taste reacted with active metals, such as aluminum and zinc, to produce hydrogen gas and turned certain organic compounds characteristic colors. (We discuss indicators later and in Chapter 19.) A base was any substance that had a bitter taste and slippery feel and turned the same organic compounds different characteristic colors. (Please remember NEVER to taste or touch laboratory chemicals instead, try some acetic acid in the form of vinegar on your next salad.) Moreover, it was known that when acids and bases react, each cancels the properties of the other in a process called neutralization. But definitions in science evolve because, as descriptions become too limited, they must be replaced by broader ones. Although the early definitions of acids and bases described distinctive properties, they inevitably gave way to definitions based on molecular behavior. 

Note that some of the metals frequently encountered in simple organic compounds give characteristic flame colorations Na, yellow K, lilac through blue glass Ca, brick-red Ba, apple-green Cu, bright blue-green. Ag and Pb, no characteristic flame. 

Substitution of fluorine for hydrogen in an organic compound has a profound influence on the compound s chemical and physical properties. Several factors that are characteristic of fluorine and that underHe the observed effects are the large electronegativity of fluorine, its small size, the low degree of polarizabiHty of the carbon—fluorine bond and the weak intermolecular forces. These effects are illustrated by the comparisons of properties of fluorocarbons to chlorocarbons and hydrocarbons in Tables 1 and 2. 

Hydrogen Chloride-Organic Compound Systems. The solubihty of hydrogen chloride in many solvents follows Henry s law. Notable exceptions are HCl in polyhydroxy compounds such as ethylene glycol (see Glycols), which have characteristics similar to those of water. Solubility data of hydrogen chloride in various organic solvents are Hsted in Table 10. 

Additionally, the enthalpies of activation (142) for the permanganate oxidation of organic compounds is characteristically low in the range of... 

The covalent character of mercury compounds and the corresponding abiUty to complex with various organic compounds explains the unusually wide solubihty characteristics. Mercury compounds are soluble in alcohols, ethyl ether, benzene, and other organic solvents. Moreover, small amounts of chemicals such as amines, ammonia (qv), and ammonium acetate can have a profound solubilizing effect (see COORDINATION COMPOUNDS). The solubihty of mercury and a wide variety of mercury salts and complexes in water and aqueous electrolyte solutions has been well outlined (5). 

M. Williams, "Measurement and Mathematical Description of Separation Characteristics of Ha2ardous Organic Compounds with Reverse Osmosis Membranes," dissertation. University of Kentucky, Lexiagton, Ky., 1993. 

Sulfation is defined as any process of introducing an SO group into an organic compound to produce the characteristic C—OSO configuration. Typically, sulfation of alcohols utilizes chlorosulfuric acid or sulfur trioxide reagents. Unlike the sulfonates, which show remarkable stability even after prolonged heat, sulfated products are unstable toward acid hydrolysis. Hence, alcohol sulfuric esters are immediately neutralized after sulfation in order to preserve a high sulfation yield. 

Memanol water is an alcohol-base compound. It is less expensive than other organic compounds and, due to lower viscosity, has better heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics. It is used up to—35°C, Disadvantages are (I) considered more toxic than ethylene glycol and thus more suitable for outdoor applications (2) flammable and could be assumed to be a potential fire nazard. 

The C chemical shift ranges for organic compounds in Table 2.2 show that many carbon-containing functional groups can be identified by the characteristic shift values in the C NMR spectra. 

Foster, K. L., Fuerman, R. G., Economy, J., Larson, S. M. and Rood, M. J., Adsorption characteristics of trace volatile organic compounds in gas streams onto activated carbon fibers, Chem. Mater., 1992, 4(5), 1068 1073. 

The photochemical reactions of organic compounds attracted great interest in the 1960s. As a result, many useful and fascinating reactions were uncovered, and photochemistry is now an important synthetic tool in organic chemistry. A firm basis for mechanistic description of many photochemical reactions has been developed. Some of the more general types of photochemical reactions will be discussed in this chapter. In Section 13.2, the relationship of photochemical reactions to the principles of orbital symmetry will be considered. In later sections, characteristic photochemical reactions of alkenes, dienes, carbonyl compounds, and aromatic rings will be introduced. 

Most compounds in which carbon is the key element are classified as organic. Common examples of organic compounds include degreasing solvents, lubricants, and heating and motor fuels. This subsection highlights some of the more common characteristics of organics as they relate to hazards. Various relevant classes of organics are presented in terms of chemical behavior and physical properties. In order to facilitate the discussion to follow, a few basic definitions will be presented first. 

Most organic compounds are water-insoluble. Notable exceptions are the lower molecular weight alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones, all known to be "polar" molecules. This characteristic is of importance to firefighting because the specific gravity of the compound will then be a major determinant of the suitability of water for the suppression of fires involving the chemical. 

Aromatic Organic compounds which contain a benzene ring, or a ring with similar chemical characteristics. 

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