Blue glass

Note that some of the metals frequently encountered in simple organic compounds give characteristic flame colorations Na, yellow K, lilac through blue glass Ca, brick-red Ba, apple-green Cu, bright blue-green. Ag and Pb, no characteristic flame. 

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Stained glass colors. Addition of a selenium compound produces red glass, and an addition of a cobalt compound produces blue glass. 

The compounds of the t/block elements show a wide range of interesting properties. Some are vital to life. Iron is an essential component of mammalian blood. Compounds of cobalt, molybdenum, and zinc are found in vitamins and essential enzymes. Other compounds simply make life more interesting and colorful. The beautiful color of cobalt blue glass, the brilliant greens and blues of kiln-baked pottery, and many pigments used by artists make use of d-block compounds. 

Fig. 6.20. The schematic diagram of experimental set-up to study photoemission of 02- / - quartz vial 2 - quartz window 3 thermostating jacket 4 - aluminum shield 5 - filter 6 - thermostating jacket 7 - blue glass 8 - sensor 9 - platinum rings 10 - glass covered weight 11 - 13 - lenses A, B - jackets providing optical isolation of chambers.

Figure 4.19 shows the p-PIXE X-ray spectra collected simultaneously from a fragment ( 1 mm in diameter) of an archaeological cobalt-blue glass (Uzonyi et al. 2001). This sample contains numerous minor and trace elements from carbon to lead, and the instrument employed both an ultra-thin window (UTW) detector as well as a Be-windowed detector. 

Figure 4.19. PIXE X-ray spectra collected by i-PIXE analysis in a new in-vacuum experimental set-up from a fragment of cobalt-blue glass. Upper spectra from a UTW detector and lower spectra from a Be-window detector. (Reproduced by permission of Uzonyi et al. 2001.)...

Georg Brandt (1694-1768) solved the puzzle of blue glass. In his dissertation he described the new element and finally shed light on the mysterious blue. Brandt was considered a great chemist, but nevertheless there is no picture of him. 

Hancock, R. G. V., Aufreiter, S., Moreau, J.-F., and Kenyon, I. (1996). Chemical chronology of turquoise blue glass trade beads from the Lac-Saint-Jean region of Quebec. In Archaeological Chemistry organic, inorganic and biochemical analysis, ed. Orna, M.Y., ACS Symposium Series 625, Washington, DC, American Chemical Society, pp. 23-36. 

After complete removal of the chlorate ion. wash the inside of the crucible with 1.0 ml of Solution No. 2[prepd by shaking vigorously in a 500 ml amber or blue glass bottle ca 400 ml distd w with 1 g of Pb(SCN)2, 1 g SbaSs and 1 g Pb(N()2, allowing to stand overnight and filtering a portion of liq required for analysis into another smaller bottle >3 Pni.a.A inMna ia.d 111 Ad Jm, ip... 

It 1b important to remark, however, that below the ordinary visible red, or least refrangible ray, another ray of a deeper red, distinguished as the extreme red, or crimson ray, may be detected by examining the prismatic spectrum through n deep blue glass and by throwing the spectrum upon a piece of yellow paper, another ray appears at the violet extremity, named, hy Sir John Herscbel, the lavender ray. 

The analysis of a dark blue glass bead found in an Egyptian tomb reported by Lepsius (loc. cit), as analyzed by Clemm and Jahn, gave 2.86 per cent cobalt oxide, while a bead of lighter blue contained 0.95 per cent cobalt oxide. 

Davy found that he could reproduce the blue glass above mentioned by fusing together fifteen parts of sodium carbonate, twenty parts powdered flint and three of copper filings. This is of interest in connection with a statement of Vitruvius to which reference will be made later. 

Pliny also states that coeruleum is a kind of sand. It seems probable that besides the blue glass, native blue minerals were also used, as for instance the cyanos of Theophrastus and of Pliny, probably lapis lazuli, and azur-ite, the other kind of cyanos referred to by Theophrastus as containing chrysocolla. 

The presence of colloidal tellurium in glass produces a colour tint which varies from blue to brown according to the size of the colloid particles, the blue glass containing larger particles than the brown.3 Polytellurides are present in some coloured glasses and impart a colour which is red or violet-red. 

MEAN STANDARD DEVIATION 41 CLEAR GLASS SAMPLES a 4 AMBER GLASS SAMPLES 6 BLUE GLASS SAMPLES... 

Figure 11. Comparison of mean concentrations of major and minor components in colorless, amber, and blue glass in the grisaille panels from the Chateau of Rouen...

AMBER GLASS SAMPLES 6 BLUE GLASS SAMPLES... 

A comparison among the average composition of the colorless, the amber, and some of the blue glasses from the Rouen Chateau is shown in Figures 11 and 12. For most elements the standard deviation ranges of concentrations encountered in all three colors overlap, and hence the average concentrations in each of the colors were not significantly dif-... 

Bettembourg, J. M., Blue Glasses of Stained-Glass Windows. Analysis by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Int. Congr. Glass, Artistic Hist. Commun., 9th, 1971 (1972) 225-239 (French). 

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