Organic chemistry, process research

Recrystallisation. The process of purification by recrystallisation is undoubtedly the most frequent operation in practical organic chemistry, and it is one which, when cleanly and efficiently performed, should give great pleasure to the chemist, particularly if the original crude material is in a very impure and filthy condition. Yet no operation is carried out so badly, wastefully (and thoughtlessly) by students in general, not only by elementary students, but often by research students of several years experience. The student who intends later to do advanced work must master the process, for unless he can choose a suitable solvent and then successfully recrystallise often minute quantities of material, he will frequently find his work completely arrested. 

The objection may be raised that the detailed description of processes makes no demand upon a student s resourcefulness or ingenuity. It must be remembered, howe er, that the manipulative part of organic chemistry is so unfamiliar to the elementary student that he requires minute directions in order to avoid waste of time and material. Until he has acquired considerable practical skill he cannot accomplish the experimental work requisite for research, and repeated failures will be apt to destroy his confidence in himself. 

Tucker, J.L. (2006) Green Chemistry, a Pharmaceutical Perspective. Organic Process Research and Development, 10, 315-319. 

Andraos, J. (2005) Unification ofReaction Metrics for Green Chemistry Applications to Reaction Analysis. Organic Process Research and Development, 9, 149-163. 

Andraos, J. (2006) On Using Tree Analysis to Quantify the Material, Input Energy, and Cost Throughput Efficiencies of Simple and Complex Synthesis Plans and Networks Towards a Blueprint for Quantitative Total Synthesis and Green Chemistry. Organic Process Research Development, 10, 212-240. 

Kuzemko, M.A., Van Arnum, S.D., Niemczyk, H.J. (2007) A Green Chemistry Comparative Analysis of the Syntheses of ( )-4-Cyclobutyl-2-2-(3-Nitrophenyl)Ethenyl Thiazole, Ro 24-5904. Organic Process Research Development, 11, 470-476. 

Schwalbe, T., Autze, V., Hohmann, M., Stbner, W. (2004) Novel Innovation Systems for a Cellular Approach to Continuous Process Chemistry from Discovery to Market. Organic Process Research and Development, 8(3), 440-454. 

The word truth is a multi-meaning word which can be applied both to science and life. We will not raise social problems but we will go down to the science, particularly chemical science (organic and physical chemistry). We choose chemical kinetics as a method of research because chemical kinetics is a science about chemical processes, mechanisms of reactions, and about possibilities of directing reactions. Parts of the articles in this volume deal with chemical physics, biochemical physics, and physical organic chemistry. All of these fields of science are interconnected with each other. 

As an extension of the Heck reaction, Pd-catalyzed hydroarylation of alkynes and alkenes continnes to attract high level of research interest in simple couphng processes and in cyclization reactions. The use of this type of transformation as part of a domino reaction will be of increasing interest. The research in the field of domino reactions is attracting considerable attention in synthetic organic chemistry since it enables the rapid assembly of complex molecirles in one-pot processes. Very elegant examples of palladium-catalyzed cascade processes where a single catalytic cycle entails several sequential bond transformations have been recently reported [la, b, 2a, b, c]. 

The importance of carbon-centred radical cyclizations in organic chemistry has been documented in the large number of papers published each year and numerous reviews and books dealing with this subject. In Chapter 7 the reader can find a collection of such processes mediated by organosilanes. The silicon-centred radical cyclizations have instead received very little attention, although there has been a growing interest in silicon-containing compounds from a synthetic point of view, due to their versatility and applicability to material science. As we shall see, this area of research is very active and some recent examples show the potentiality of silyl radical cyclization in the construction of complex molecules. 

The development of versatile and efficient methods for the synthesis of amines has long been an active area of research, mainly because a wide variety of amines play important roles in many fields of organic chemistry. The N-alkylation of amines with alcohols represents an attractive method for synthesizing various amines because it does not generate any wasteful byproducts (H2O is the only stoichiometric coproduct). Although several catalytic systems for this process have been studied using transition-metal catalysts [53-57], most of these require a high reaction temperature (>150°C). 

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