Big Chemical Encyclopedia

Chemical substances, components, reactions, process design ...

Articles Figures Tables About

Orbitals hybridized

We 11 expand our picture of bonding by introducing two approaches that grew out of the idea that electrons can be described as waves—the valence bond and molecular orbital models In particular one aspect of the valence bond model called orbital hybridization, will be emphasized... [Pg.57]

As illustrated m Figure 2 9 the orbital hybridization model accounts for carbon having... [Pg.64]

We will return to the orbital hybridization model to discuss bonding m other aliphatic hydrocarbons—alkenes and alkynes—later m the chapter At this point how ever we 11 turn our attention to alkanes to examine them as a class m more detail... [Pg.67]

We conclude this introduction to hydrocarbons by describing the orbital hybridization model of bonding m ethylene and acetylene parents of the alkene and alkyne families respectively... [Pg.89]

Because each carbon m acetylene is bonded to two other atoms the orbital hybridization model requires each carbon to have two equivalent orbitals available for CT bonds as outlined m Figure 2 19 According to this model the carbon 2s orbital and one of Its 2p orbitals combine to generate two sp hybrid orbitals each of which has 50% s character and 50% p character These two sp orbitals share a common axis but their major lobes are oriented at an angle of 180° to each other Two of the original 2p orbitals remain unhybridized... [Pg.92]

The orbital hybridization model (which is a type of valence bond model)... [Pg.93]

Generally speaking the three models offer complementary information Organic chemists use all three emphasizing whichever one best suits a particular feature of struc ture or reactivity Until recently the Lewis and orbital hybridization models were used far more than the molecular orbital model But that is changing... [Pg.93]

Orbital hybridization descriptions because they too are based on the shared electron pair bond enhance the information content of Lewis formulas by distinguishing... [Pg.93]

Section 2 6 Bonding m methane is most often described by an orbital hybridization model which is a modified form of valence bond theory Four equiva lent sp hybrid orbitals of carbon are generated by mixing the 2s 2p 2py and 2p orbitals Overlap of each half filled sp hybrid orbital with a half filled hydrogen Is orbital gives a ct bond... [Pg.95]

Section 2 22 Lewis structures orbital hybridization and molecular orbital descriptions of bonding are all used m organic chemistry Lewis structures are used the most MO descriptions the least All will be used m this text... [Pg.99]

Conformational analysis is far simpler m cyclopropane than m any other cycloalkane Cyclopropane s three carbon atoms are of geometric necessity coplanar and rotation about Its carbon-carbon bonds is impossible You saw m Section 3 4 how angle strain m cyclopropane leads to an abnormally large heat of combustion Let s now look at cyclopropane m more detail to see how our orbital hybridization bonding model may be adapted to molecules of unusual geometry... [Pg.114]

The carbon that bears the functional group is sp hybridized m alcohols and alkyl halides Figure 4 1 illustrates bonding m methanol The bond angles at carbon are approximately tetrahedral as is the C—O—H angle A similar orbital hybridization model applies to alkyl halides with the halogen connected to sp hybridized carbon by a ct bond Carbon-halogen bond distances m alkyl halides increase m the order C—F (140 pm) < C—Cl (179 pm) < C—Br (197 pm) < C—I (216 pm)... [Pg.146]

The structure of ethylene and the orbital hybridization model for its double bond were presented m Section 2 20 and are briefly reviewed m Figure 5 1 Ethylene is planar each carbon is sp hybridized and the double bond is considered to have a a component and a TT component The ct component arises from overlap of sp hybrid orbitals along a line connecting the two carbons the tt component via a side by side overlap of two p orbitals Regions of high electron density attributed to the tt electrons appear above and below the plane of the molecule and are clearly evident m the electrostatic potential map Most of the reactions of ethylene and other alkenes involve these electrons... [Pg.190]

Bonding m alkenes is described according to an sp orbital hybridization model The double bond unites two sp hybridized carbon atoms and is made of a ct component and a rr component The ct bond arises by over lap of an sp hybrid orbital on each carbon The rr bond is weaker than the CT bond and results from a side by side overlap of p orbitals... [Pg.220]

All of these trends can be accommodated by the orbital hybridization model The bond angles are characteristic for the sp sp and sp hybridization states of carbon and don t require additional comment The bond distances bond strengths and acidities are related to the s character m the orbitals used for bonding s Character is a simple concept being nothing more than the percentage of the hybrid orbital contributed by an s orbital Thus an sp orbital has one quarter s character and three quarters p an sp orbital has one third s and two thirds p and an sp orbital one half s and one half p We then use this information to analyze how various qualities of the hybrid orbital reflect those of its s and p contributors... [Pg.366]

According to the orbital hybridization model benzene has six tt elec Irons which are shared by all six sp hybridized carbons Regions of high TT electron density are located above and below the plane of the ring... [Pg.463]

An orbital hybridization description of bonding m methylamme is shown m Figure 22 2 Nitrogen and carbon are both sp hybridized and are joined by a ct bond The unshared electron pair on nitrogen occupies an sp hybridized orbital This lone parr IS involved m reactions m which amines act as bases or nucleophiles The graphic that opened this chapter is an electrostatic potential map that clearly shows the concentration of electron density at nitrogen m methylamme... [Pg.916]

Valence bond theory (Section 2 3) Theory of chemical bond mg based on overlap of half filled atomic orbitals between two atoms Orbital hybridization is an important element of valence bond theory... [Pg.1296]

To accommodate the new material on acids and bases m Chapter 1 the orbital hybridization model of bonding m organic compounds has been rewrit ten and placed m Chapter 2 In keeping with its ex panded role Chapter 2 m now titled Hydrocarbon Frameworks Alkanes... [Pg.1331]

Coordination Number Orbitals Hybridized Geometrical Arrangement Minimum Radius Ratio... [Pg.331]

The concepts of directed valence and orbital hybridization were developed by Linus Pauling soon after the description of the hydrogen molecule by the valence bond theory. These concepts were applied to an issue of specific concern to organic chemistry, the tetrahedral orientation of the bonds to tetracoordinate carbon. Pauling reasoned that because covalent bonds require mutual overlap of orbitals, stronger bonds would result from better overlap. Orbitals that possess directional properties, such as p orbitals, should therefore be more effective than spherically symmetric 5 orbitals. [Pg.4]


See other pages where Orbitals hybridized is mentioned: [Pg.51]    [Pg.67]    [Pg.94]    [Pg.430]    [Pg.917]    [Pg.4]    [Pg.4]    [Pg.67]    [Pg.94]    [Pg.146]   


SEARCH



Acetylene hybrid atomic orbitals

Acetylene, bond angles sp hybrid orbitals

Alcohol hybrid orbitals

Alkenes hybrid orbitals

Amine hybrid orbitals

Ammonia hybrid orbitals

Ammonia orbital hybridization

An Orbital Hybridization View of Bonding in Benzene

Atomic Orbital Hybridization at Surfaces Hydration Energies

Atomic orbitals and hybridization

Atomic orbitals hybrid

Atomic orbitals hybridization

Atomic orbitals hybridized

Atomic orbitals sp hybrid

Atomic orbitals, combining hybridization

Axial hybrid orbitals

Benzene orbital hybridization model

Beryllium chloride hybrid orbitals

Beryllium hydride hybrid orbitals

Bonding II Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals

Bonding in Methane and Orbital Hybridization

Boron trifluoride hybrid orbitals

Butane hybrid orbitals

Carbon atom hybridized orbitals

Carbon compounds bonding orbital hybridization

Carbon dioxide hybrid orbitals

Carbon monoxide hybrid orbitals

Carbon sp hybrid orbitals

Carbon sp2 hybrid orbitals

Carbon sp3 hybrid orbitals

Carbon valence orbitals hybridization

Central atom concepts hybridized orbitals

Chemical Bonding II Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals

Construction of hybrid orbitals

Covalent bonding Hybrid orbitals Lewis

Covalent molecules orbital hybridization

D -p hybrid orbitals

D Orbitals hybridization

D2sp3 hybrid orbitals

Double bond, hybrid orbitals

Dsp hybrid orbitals

Dsp2 hybrid orbitals

Dsp3 hybrid orbitals

Eigenvectors, hybrid orbitals

Electron Repulsion and Bond Angles. Orbital Hybridization

Electron configuration and orbital hybridization

Electron orbitals hybrid

Equatorial hybrid orbitals

Equivalent hybrid orbitals

Ethane hybrid atomic orbitals

Ethane hybrid orbitals

Ethane orbital hybridization

Ethane, bond angles sp3 hybrid orbitals

Ethene orbital hybridization

Ethers Hybrid orbital

Ethylene hybrid atomic orbitals

Ethylene hybrid orbitals

Ethyne orbital hybridization

F// hybrid orbitals

Fixed hybrid orbitals

Generalized hybrid orbital

Generalized hybrid orbital method

Highest occupied molecular orbital hybridization

Hybrid Bond Orbitals

Hybrid Orbital Summary

Hybrid Orbitals Bonding in Complex Molecules

Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Acetylene

Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Ethane

Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Ethylene

Hybrid Orbitals and the Structure of Methane

Hybrid atomic orbital

Hybrid atomic orbitals Hybridization energy

Hybrid frozen orbital

Hybrid molecular orbitals

Hybrid orbital

Hybrid orbital

Hybrid orbital Hybridization

Hybrid orbital approach

Hybrid orbital composition and orientation

Hybrid orbital defined

Hybrid orbital method

Hybrid orbital nonorthogonality functions

Hybrid orbital number

Hybrid orbital sets

Hybrid orbital sp hybridization

Hybrid orbital sp3d hybridization

Hybrid orbital sp3d2 hybridization

Hybrid orbital theory

Hybrid orbital, definition

Hybrid orbitals Hybridization

Hybrid orbitals Hybridization

Hybrid orbitals Hydrates

Hybrid orbitals Hydrazine

Hybrid orbitals INDEX

Hybrid orbitals Subject

Hybrid orbitals VSEPR theory

Hybrid orbitals bonding

Hybrid orbitals building procedure

Hybrid orbitals carbon

Hybrid orbitals carbon radical

Hybrid orbitals construction

Hybrid orbitals electron-group geometry

Hybrid orbitals energies

Hybrid orbitals for

Hybrid orbitals formation

Hybrid orbitals geometric orientations

Hybrid orbitals geometrical constructions

Hybrid orbitals geometry

Hybrid orbitals hybridization tetrahedron

Hybrid orbitals hybridization, overview

Hybrid orbitals illustrated

Hybrid orbitals in carbon

Hybrid orbitals in oxygen and nitrogen

Hybrid orbitals lone electron pairs

Hybrid orbitals lone pair

Hybrid orbitals lone-pair problem

Hybrid orbitals maximum overlap

Hybrid orbitals metals

Hybrid orbitals methods

Hybrid orbitals methyl compounds

Hybrid orbitals naming

Hybrid orbitals nitrogen

Hybrid orbitals notation

Hybrid orbitals octahedral

Hybrid orbitals of boron

Hybrid orbitals orbital regions

Hybrid orbitals orthogonal

Hybrid orbitals orthogonal sets

Hybrid orbitals other types

Hybrid orbitals overlap

Hybrid orbitals overlap between

Hybrid orbitals oxygen

Hybrid orbitals percent -character

Hybrid orbitals percent s-character

Hybrid orbitals shape

Hybrid orbitals sp hybrids

Hybrid orbitals structures

Hybrid orbitals summary

Hybrid orbitals table

Hybrid orbitals tetrahedral

Hybrid orbitals the valence bond model

Hybrid orbitals trigonal

Hybrid orbitals trigonal bipyramidal

Hybrid orbitals, 385, triple bonds

Hybrid orbitals, creation

Hybrid orbitals, radical configuration

Hybrid orbitals, representation

Hybrid orbitals, symmetry

Hybrid orbitals, wavefunctions

Hybrid orbitals: of silicon

Hybridization and orbital size

Hybridization dsp3 hybrid orbitals

Hybridization dsp3 orbitals

Hybridization hybrid atomic orbital

Hybridization matrix, hybrid orbitals

Hybridization molecular orbitals and

Hybridization of and d Orbitals

Hybridization of atomic orbitals

Hybridization of d orbitals

Hybridization of s and p orbitals

Hybridization of s, p, and d Orbitals

Hybridization orbital theory

Hybridization schemes involving d orbitals

Hybridization sp Orbitals and the Structure of Acetylene

Hybridization sp orbitals

Hybridization sp2 orbitals

Hybridization sp3 orbitals

Hybridization, of orbitals

Hybridization, orbital energies

Hybridized orbital

Hybridized orbital method

Hybridized orbitals Hydrated

Hybridized orbitals species

Hybrids involving d orbitals

Hybrids with d-orbital participation

Hydrogen hybrid orbitals

Linear arrangement hybrid orbitals

Linear shape hybrid orbitals

Localised hybrid orbitals

Localized electron model hybrid orbitals

Maximum overlap, hybrid orbitals methods

Metallic Radii and Hybrid Bond Orbitals

Methane hybrid orbital

Methane hybrid orbital description

Methane hybrid orbitals

Methane orbital hybridization

Methanol hybrid orbitals

Methanol orbital hybridization

Methyl radical hybrid orbitals

Methylamine, bond angles sp3 hybrid orbitals

Models hybrid orbitals

Molecular formula hybrid orbitals and

Molecular orbitals hybridized orbital method

Molecules hybrid orbitals

Natural Hybrid Orbitals

Natural hybrid orbital

Natural hybrid orbital comparison

Natural hybrid orbital composition

Natural hybrid orbital definition

Natural hybrid orbitals, NHO

Nitrogen orbital hybridization

Nomenclature hybrid orbitals

Octahedral arrangement hybrid orbitals

Octahedral shape hybrid orbitals

On Hybrid Orbitals in Momentum Space

Orbital functionals and other nonlocal approximations hybrids, Meta-GGA, SIC, OEP, etc

Orbital hybrid bond

Orbital hybridization

Orbital hybridization

Orbital hybridization 446 INDEX

Orbital hybridization alkyl halides

Orbital hybridization allenes

Orbital hybridization aniline

Orbital hybridization benzene

Orbital hybridization carbenes

Orbital hybridization carbocations

Orbital hybridization ethylene

Orbital hybridization formaldehyde

Orbital hybridization free radicals

Orbital hybridization in acetylene and alkynes

Orbital hybridization in alkadienes

Orbital hybridization in alkyl halides

Orbital hybridization in allenes

Orbital hybridization in aniline

Orbital hybridization in benzene

Orbital hybridization in carbenes

Orbital hybridization in carbocations

Orbital hybridization in ethane

Orbital hybridization in ethylene and alkenes

Orbital hybridization in formaldehyde

Orbital hybridization in free radicals

Orbital hybridization lone pair

Orbital hybridization methylamine

Orbital hybridization notation

Orbital properties hybrid orbitals

Orbital, atomic hybridized

Orbital-specific hybrid functional

Orbitally anisotropic hybridization

Orbitals Hybridization Molecular

Orbitals and Hybridization States

Orbitals and Hybridization in Electron-Sharing Bonds of Transition Metals

Orbitals and sp hybridization

Orbitals hybrid

Orbitals hybrid

Orbitals hybrid atomic orbital

Orbitals hybrid, molecular geometry

Orbitals hybridization

Orbitals hybridization

Orbitals hybridization and

Overlap matrix, hybrid orbitals

Ozone hybrid orbitals

P orbitals hybridization

Pauling hybrid-orbital theory

Polyatomic molecules orbital hybridization

Quaternion form of the hybrid orbitals and hybridization tetrahedra

Reducible representations hybrid orbitals

S Orbitals hybridization

Semiempirical molecular orbital theory mechanical hybrids

Sigma hybrid orbitals

Silicon-hybridized orbitals

Skill 1.3c-Predict molecular geometries using Lewis dot structures and hybridized atomic orbitals, e.g., valence shell electron pair repulsion model (VSEPR)

Sp hybrid orbital

Sp hybrid orbitals

Sp hybridized orbitals

Sp1 hybrid orbitals

Sp2 hybrid orbital

Sp2 hybrid orbitals

Sp2 or sp3 hybrid orbitals

Sp2d hybrid orbitals

Sp3 hybrid atomic orbitals

Sp3 hybrid orbital

Sp3 hybrid orbitals

Sp3d hybrid orbitals

Sp3d2 hybrid orbital

Sp3d2 hybrid orbital structure

Sp3d2 hybrid orbitals

Specification hybrid orbitals

Spectroscopy hybrid orbitals

Sulfur hexafluoride hybrid orbitals

Tetrahedral arrangement hybrid orbitals

Tetrahedral shape hybrid orbitals

The hybridization model and two-center molecular orbitals

The mathematical form of hybrid orbitals

The sp (n 1-3) hybrid orbitals

Transformation, unitary, hybrid orbitals

Transition metal complexes (coordination hybrid orbitals

Trigonal bipyramidal arrangement hybrid orbitals

Trigonal planar arrangement hybrid orbitals

Trigonal planar shape hybrid orbitals

Triple bonds hybrid orbitals and

Types of Hybrid Orbitals

Use and misuse of the hybrid orbital concept

Valence Bond (VB) Theory and Orbital Hybridization

Valence bond theory Bonding orbital hybridization

Valence bond theory hybrid orbitals

Valence bond theory hybridization of atomic orbitals

Valence bond theory orbital hybridization

Valence bond theory orbital hybridization schemes

Valence natural hybrid orbitals

Valence-shell electron-pair repulsion theory orbital hybridization

Water hybrid orbitals

What are hybrid orbitals

What is orbital hybridization

© 2024 chempedia.info