Hybrid orbital sets

The s d and s p d hybrid orbital sets complete our survey of the common chemical geometries. Table 10-1 summarizes the results. Example completes this section of the Chapter. 

Hybrid orbital sets have the / V / same geometries as electron cloud sets predicted by VSEPR. Therefore, each VSEPR geometry has a corresponding set of hybrid orbitals used by the central atom. 

VSEPR Number Nominal Bond Angles Hybrid Orbital Set... 

Although it will not be important for our purposes, the dsp3 hybrid orbital set is different from the hybrids we have considered so far in that the hybrid orbitals pointing to the vertices of the triangle (often called the three equatorial hybrid orbitals) are slightly different in shape than the other two (the axial orbitals). This situation stands in contrast to the sp, sp1, and sp3 hybrid sets in which each orbital in a particular set is identical in shape to the others. 

The relationship among the number of effective pairs, their spatial arrangement, and the hybrid orbital set required. 

An sp d hybrid orbital set may be considered to be a combination of p d hybrids and spj>y hybrids. The former make two linear hybrid orbitals bonding axially and the latter form the trigonal, equatorial bonds. The sp2 hybrid orbitals are capable of forming stronger bonds, and they are shorter than the weaker axial bonds. When the electronegativities of the substituents on the phosphorus atom differ, as in the mixed chlorofluorides, and the alkylphosphorus fluorides, R,PFs r it is experi-... 

The hybrid orbitals required on a metal ion in a four-coordinate complex depend on whether the structure is tetrahedral or square planar. For a tetrahedral arrangement of ligands, any/7 hybrid set is required (see Fig. 21.19). For example, in the tetrahedral CoCl4 ion, the Co can be described as sp hybridized. A square planar arrangement of ligands requires a dsp hybrid orbital set on the metal ion (see Fig. 21.19). For example, in the square planar Ni(CN)/ ion, the Ni is described as dsp hybridized. 

TABLE 9.4 Geometric Arrangements Characteristic of Hybrid Orbital Sets... 

Indicate the hybrid orbital set used by the central atom in each of the following molecules and ions (a) BCI3 (b) AICI4 (c) CS2 (d) KrFj (e) PFe. ... 

Single sp hybrid orbital Set of equivalent sp hybrids, giving... 

To solve this problem double Nobel Prize winner (1954, Chemistry 1962, Peace) and Caltech and Stanford professor Linus Pauling invented orbitals he called hybrid orbitals, which pointed in the right directions. There are three hybrid orbital sets, one to explain each family of experimentally observed bond angles close to 109.5°, close to 120°, and close to 180°. 

Any central atom with bond angles close to 109.5° is sp -hybridized (uses 109.5°-hybrid orbital set)... 

Hybrid Orbital Representation of H3C Figure 3.5 sp -Hybrid Orbital Set and an Example of an sp2-Hybridized Carbon... 

Construct an explanation for why each hybrid orbital in the 120°-hybrid orbital set is called an sp -hybrid orbital. (Note that the 120°-hybrid orbital set is also called the 5/7 -hybrid orbital set.)... 

Cut this sausage into two s/7-hybrid orbitals, and point them in opposite directions (180° apart), sp-hybridized = atom with 180° bond angles (employs the 180° sp) hybrid orbital set)... 

Name of Hybrid Orbital Set No. oip Orbitals left untouched in Set No. of Hybrid Orbitals in Set Angle Between Hybrid Orbitals in Set Example of Atom Employing Set (hybridization state)... 

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