Operation benefits

Unfortunately, at many smaller industrial and commercial facilities, the viewpoint that specifying and installing more than the absolute minimum external capital equipment provides a good return via reduced preventative maintenance and boiler operational benefits is not... 

The eventual result is the production of a thick, porous film of coarse magnetite (ferroso-ferric oxide or ferrous-ferrite), as shown below. This corrosion product is of no operational benefit and further hinders efficient heat transfer. 

Subsequently, three methods indicating safety risks will be evaluated on these nine criteria discussed above whether indirect safety related operational deviations are used, general conclusions can be derived, detailed cause-effect relationships are available, the method is feasible, the results are reliable, only limited resources are needed, the results can be ranked, a clear link between risk reduction and operational benefit is present, and if all (root)cause areas are included. 

Many facilities already measure the above parameters (and many others) on a regular basis to control plant operations and confirm chemical mixture quality more closely monitoring these parameters may create operational benefits for facilities that extend far beyond security, such as reducing operating costs and chemical usage. Chemical industrial facilities also should thoughtfully monitor customer complaints and improve connections with local public health networks to detect public health anomalies. Customer complaints and public health anomalies are important ways to detect potential contamination problems and other environmental quality concerns. 

Supercritical fluids (SCFs) offer several advantages as reaction media for catalytic reactions. These advantages include the ability to manipulate the reaction environment through simple changes in pressure to enhance solubility of reactants and products, to eliminate interphase transport limitations, and to integrate reaction and separation unit operations. Benefits derived from the SCF phase Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (SCF-FTS) involve the gas-like diffusivities and liquid-like solubilities, which together combine the desirable features of the gas- and liquid-phase FT synthesis routes. 

Remember, it is not particularly difficult to produce a workable formulation, but it is a far more difficult job to modify and control cooling water chemistry and apply an appropriate program on-site in order to obtain the maximum operational benefit in a cost-effective manner. Water management is a service business ... 

Validation is a defined program, which, in combination with routine production methods and quality control techniques, provides documented assurance that a system is performing as intended and/or that a product conforms to its predetermined specifications. When practiced in a life-cycle model, it incorporates design, development, evaluation, operational and maintenance considerations to provide both operating benefits and regulatory compliance [3]. 

ChesebroJH, Clementsw IP FusterV etal. A platelet-inhibitor drug trial in coronary-artery bypass operation Benefit of eariy perioperative dipyridamole and aspirin therapy on eariy postoperative vein-graft patency. N Engl J Med 1982 307 73-78. 

The use of oil-in-water emulsions to reduce the viscosity of heavy crude oils and bitumens and thus permit their transportation by conventional pipeline has been under development by Canadian Occidental since the fall of 1984. The benefits of these emulsions may be applied to pipeline transportation, to the combustion of heavy fuels, to increase the production rates of heavy-crude-oil wells, and to improve secondary recovery of heavy crude oil and bitumen. In this chapter, the emphasis is on discussion of the general characteristics of oil-in-water emulsions as related to their application for pipeline transportation. The incentive for developing this technology is to provide an alternative to the use of diluents or the application of heat for viscosity reduction in pipelines for heavy crude oil. The viscosity range for oil-in-water emulsions as compared to undiluted heavy crude oils and bitumens is illustrated in Figure 1. Also indicated in the figure is the viscosity specification for typical pipelines for heavy crude oil. As noted, the emulsion viscosity is well below the required level and provides operating benefits compared to normal operations in which viscosity reduction is achieved by use of diluents. 

Internal and Operational Benefits Operational/Cost Efficiencies... 

Are there operational benefits to this POCT strategy ... 

The operation benefits of source densification are derived from the technical objectives of high density self-encapsulation and biological stability. 

The operational benefits to be gained by placing the densi-fier at the generating source are realized during collection and land disposal operations. Collection benefits are as follows ... 

Lower-cost 02, coupled with the significant environmental and operating benefits of OEC, make OEC an attractive technology. Research continues to assess its effectiveness in a wide range of applications. 

The main heading in Brown s Quarry extends for some distance to the north beyond the area occupied by the RAF, and it was suggested that this should be further extended by several hundred yards to a point beneath the surface camp at Rudloe Manor, where a lift shaft would be sunk. Although a little exploratory work was started the scheme was soon abandoned because its cost was calculated to far outweigh the operational benefit. Access to Brown s Quarry is via an electric lift. There is a story (probably apocryphal) that this was requisitioned from Harrods in Knightsbridge when it was found that a new one could not be acquired from the manufacturer at short notice. Unlike all the other surface structures at Corsham, the lift-head building for Brown s Quarry was built... 

In addition to the cost balance shown in Table 4, the electric arc furnace operators benefit from an additional recycling fee of between 50 and 100 per tonne of batteries recycled, dependant upon quantity and other commercial factors. At an addition of 1% of scrap weight this is equivalent to a cost reduction of 6 1 per tonne of scrap and, hence, typically equal to 1.1 per tonne of product. This is a very significant additional economic benefit for the operator. In some cases, a proportion of this profit is allocated by agreement with local environment agencies, to additional environmental improvements within the facility. 

---