Operations benefit tracking

Another issue that needs to be addressed is the accurate calculations of the transients of stack operations under variable loading due to changes in power utilization demand and/or under start-up and shut-down conditions. Tracking fast transients, especially during the start-up process, requires at least second order accurate temporal resolution which will impose additional computational cost on stack simulations. It seems that in the near future the best alternative would be to use reduced order physics based models such as those presented in Section 5.2 with appropriate empirical input and experimental validation to get the most benefit out of computational studies. 

Models have been developed to predict cat cracker yields based on operating parameters and feedstock properties (34) These have aided in application and evaluation of metals passivation benefits. Miller and Pawloski (35) reported the use of mathematical models to calculate the benefits of vanadium passivation, and Teran (27) reported the need for FCCU hydrogen modeling and metals tracking to optimize passivation benefits. 

Based on the author s experience on implementing track and trace systems in several different delivery operations, the typical benefits of these systems are ... 

Once operational gaps are identified, assessment methods (Chapters 5-8 for energy operation. Chapters 12 and 13 for process operation, and Chapter 16 for utility system operation) are then applied to identify root causes— potential causes include inefficient process operation, insufficient maintenance, inadequate operating practices, procedures, and control, inefficient energy system design, and outdated technology. Assessment results are translated into specific corrective actions to achieve targets via either manual adjustments, the best practices, or by automatic control systems. Finally, the results are tracked to measure the improvements and benefits achieved. 

Wu and Lindell (2004) provide an insight into some of the actions that were taken to increase the speed of housing reconstruction in Los Angeles after the earthquake showing that it is possible to expedite procedural requirements by establishing fast-tracked processes that would operate after a disaster would benefit recovery. 

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