Pumps operating safety

Clean up in such a way tliat the hazardous material is removed and does not produce a future danger. It may be necessary to pump out a hazardous liquid or to remove contaminated soil, etc. Decontamination procedures may be necessaiy. See EPA s Standard Operating Safety Guides for instructions for decontamination required following exposure to different danger levels of liazmds... 

New systems or processes may also need to be qualified from an operational safety perspective. This is particularly relevant in the case of chemical synthesis involving exothermic reactions. Critical safety aspects are usually identified using hazard operability or HAZOP assessments and studies. For example, a HAZOP analysis of an exothermic reaction vessel would involve consideration of the consequence of failure of the motors for mixers or circulation pumps for cooling water. Thus, the qualification of such a system would involve checks and assessment to ensure that the system/process can be operated safely and that pressure relief valves or other emergency measures are adequate and functional. 

Other elements especially designed to ensure a high efficiency and operational safety are devices that use bellow valves and diaphragm pumps that do not have primary moving parts in contact with the culture medium. More details regarding these and other devices are available in the technical literature (Krahe, 2003). 

The greater the amount of carbon dioxide injected, the more will return to the surface with the methane. This creates the need for a gas-separation plant of the type shown in Figure 3.2. The removal of carbon dioxide from oil is much simpler than from methane, which is why enhanced oil recovery is practised more widely than enhanced gas recovery. With an extensive coal seam, it will be necessary to drill injection and extraction wells every few hundred metres or so. These, together with the associated gas compressors, distribution pipes and pumps, access roads, etc., will turn a rural landscape into an industrial site. When the operational/safety issues and the extent of industrialization become fully appreciated, not to mention the impact on the ecological habitat, there may well be local opposition to the recovery of coal-bed methane - with or without carbon dioxide injection and storage. 

Initiates start up of Unit 7 under unsafe conditions (all safety-related equipment is not operational, and pumps are not overhauled)... 

A few of these devices rely on air contact with the tube through diffusion, and thus operate passively. Tubes used with battery-operated pump or those that sample the air through diffusion are used to determine time-weighed average concentrations of the workplace air contaminant of interest, while all the tubes used with a hand-operated vacuum pump are intended for measuring more or less instantaneous concentrations. The Safety Equipment Institute (USA) currently certifies chemical indicator tubes based on American National Standards Institute/In-ternational Safety Equipment Association standard 102 (1996). 

The boric acid and demineralized water control system is necessary to adjust the boron concentration in the reactor coolant system. To increase boron concentration in the coolant, boric acid solution is injected through the volume control system to reduce boron concentration, an adequate volume of coolant is replaced by demineralized water. This system (as well as the other systems discussed here) is a purely operational system and is not required for control of a design basis accident the extra borating system fulfils the necessary safety functions. However, to guarantee continued supply to the volume control system during emergency power operation, the pumps and motor-operated valves of the system are connected to the emergency power supply system. 

On French plants, cold overpressure protection is provided by pilot operated safety valves on the pressurizer when the RHR system is isolated. When the RHR system is operating, the protection is provided by pilot operated safety valves on the discharge lines from the RHR pumps. All these valves are qualified to operate in water conditions. In addition, specific requirements have been included in the Technical Specifications. 

The traditional function of a PWR reactor coolant pump is to deliver cooling water to the reactor during both normal operations at power and for fission product heat removal when shutdown. The reactor coolant pump type adopted in the US for currently operating plants is the shaft seal pump, which can be made large and can have high hydraulic and electrical efficiencies. The potential design options for the AP600 were numerous ac powered shaft seal pumps, dc powered safety pumps, canned motor pumps, no pumps (natural circulation) and others. 

Restart Test Identification Report (RTIR) No. 7 (Reference 11). RTIR No. 7 identifies the safety functions of the CURDS and the required restart testing that will demonstrate equipment operability. Safety functions to be tested include pump capacity, diversion valve function, and equipment control and monitoring functions. A direct linkage of safety function to test requirement is provided in the RTIR to ensure all safety functions are tested. Specific test procedures are identified in the RTIR, which will fulfill required testing. The staff considers the RTIR to adequately document the required equipment testing to demonstrate equipment operability. 

The technique of the filtration of hot solutions has already been described in Section 11,28. The filtration of cold solutions will now be considered this operation is usually carried out when it is desired to separate a crystalline solid from the mother liquor in which it is suspended. When substantial quantities of a solid are to be handled, a Buchner funnel of convenient size is employed. The ordinary Buchner fimnel (Fig. 11,1, 7, a) consists of a cylindrical porcelain funnel carrying a fixed, flat, perforated porcelain plate. It is fitted by means of a rubber stopper or a good cork into the neck of a thick-walled filtering flask (also termed filter flask, Buchner flask or suction flask) (Fig. 11,1, 7, c), which is connected by means of thick-walled rubber tubing (rubber pressure tubing) to a similar flask or safety bottle, and the latter is attached by rubber pressure tubing to a filter pump the safety bottle or trap is essential since a sudden fall in water pressure may result in the water sucking back. The use of suction renders rapid filtration possihle... 

Detection of Bromine Vapor. Bromine vapor in air can be monitored by using an oxidant monitor instmment that sounds an alarm when a certain level is reached. An oxidant monitor operates on an amperometric principle. The bromine oxidizes potassium iodide in solution, producing an electrical output by depolarizing one sensor electrode. Detector tubes, usefiil for determining the level of respiratory protection required, contain (9-toluidine that produces a yellow-orange stain when reacted with bromine. These tubes and sample pumps are available through safety supply companies (54). The usefiil concentration range is 0.2—30 ppm. 

Equipment Constraints These are the physical constraints for individual pieces of eqiiipment within a unit. Examples of these are flooding and weeping limits in distillation towers, specific pump curves, neat exchanger areas and configurations, and reactor volume limits. Equipment constraints may be imposed when the operation of two pieces of equipment within the unit work together to maintain safety, efficiency, or quahty. An example of this is the temperature constraint imposed on reactors beyond which heat removal is less than heat generation, leading to the potential of a runaway. While this temperature could be interpreted as a process constraint, it is due to the equipment limitations that the temperature is set. 

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