Mucosa, olfactory

In the olfactory mucosa of Wistar rats exposed four times a day to 175 ml cigarette smoke for 5,10, and 15 min, respectively, Ortug and Ozbek (2001) found intraepithelial inflammatory cells and especially deep invaginations at the nuclear membrane of supporting cells. Extension between extracellular space, cytoplasmic protrusions in the apical surface of the supporting cells, atrophy of the microvilli and olfactory neurone cilia and numerous electron-dense granular structures, lysosome-like structures were seen in relation to the times of exposure. 

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Ciges M., Labella T., Gayoso M. and Sanchez G. (1977). Ultrastructure of the Organ of Jacobson and comparative study of olfactory mucosa. Acta Oto-Laryngol 83, 47-58. 

Rodriguez I., Greer C., Mok M. and Mombaerts P. (2000). A putative pheromone receptor gene expressed in human olfactory mucosa. Nature Genet 26, 18-19. 

Takahashi S., Iwanaga T Takahashi Y., Nakano Y., et al. (1984). Neuron-specific enolase, neurofilament protein and S-100 protein protein in the olfactory mucosa of human fetuses an immunohistochemical study. Cell Tiss Res 238, 231-234. 

Benvenuti, S. and A. Gagliardo. 1996. Homing behaviour of pigeons subjected to unilateral zinc sulphate treatment of their olfactory mucosa. Jour. Exp. Biol. 199 2531-2535. 

HCN is detoxified to thiocyanate (SCN ) by the mitochondrial enzyme rhodanese rhodanese catalyzes the transfer of sulfur from thiosulfate to cyanide to yield thiocyanate, which is relatively nontoxic (Smith 1996). The rate of detoxification of HCN in humans is about 1 pg/kg/min (Schulz 1984) or 4.2 mg/h, which, the author states, is considerably slower than in small rodents. This information resulted from reports of the therapeutic use of sodium nitroprusside to control hypertension. Rhodanese is present in the liver and skeletal muscle of mammalian species as well as in the nasal epithelium. The mitochondria of the nasal and olfactory mucosa of the rat contain nearly seven times as much rhodanese as the liver (Dahl 1989). The enzyme rhodanese is present to a large excess in the human body relative to its substrates (Schulz 1984). This enzyme demonstrates zero-order kinetics, and the limiting factor in the detoxification of HCN is thiosulphate. However, other sulfur-containing substrates, such as cystine and cysteine, can also serve as sulfur donors. Other enzymes, such as 3-mercapto-pyruvate sulfur transferase, can convert... 

Dahl, A.R. 1989. The cyanide-metabolizing enzyme rhodanese in rat nasal respiratory and olfactory mucosa. Toxicol. Lett. 45 199-205. 

Kandimalla KK, Donovan MD, Carrier (2003) Mediated transport of chlorpheniramine and chlorcyclizine across bovine olfactory mucosa Implications on nose-to-brain transport. J Pharm Sci 94 613-624. 

Kandimalla KK, Donovan MD (2005) Transport of hydroxyzine and triprolidine across bovine olfactory mucosa role of passive diffusion in the direct nose-to-brain uptake of small molecules. Int J Pharm 302 133-144. 

The existence of a carrier-mediated transport in nasal mucosa was first suggested by Kimura et al. [34], P-glycoprotein, organic cation transporter, dopamine transporter, and amino acid transporters have all been identified in the nasal mucosa, especially in the olfactory mucosa [31, 32, 35, 36], These transporters determine the polarized absorption and excretion of their substrates including amino acids, amines, and cations. 

Found mRNA in rat olfactory mucosa, not liver (Minn et al., 2005). 

Minn AT, Pelczar H, Denizot C, Martinet M, Heydel JM, et al. 2005. Characterization of microsomal cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases in the rat olfactory mucosa. Drug Metab Dispos 33 1229-1237. 

Fischer- 344) 6 hr/d hyperplasia and degeneration of Bowman s glands in olfactory mucosa) ... 

Many pheromones travel from the tissue of their synthesis via the bloodstream to the surface of the body. They are also transported by larger molecules, notably proteins, both when being emitted by an odor donor ( outgoing ) and when being received in the olfactory mucosa of an addressee ( incoming ). In the saliva of the male pig, the pheromone-binding protein... 

Whole-body autoradiography of male Sprague-Dawley rats given intravenous injections (2.7 mg/kg bw) of 7V-nitroso[ C]diethanolamine showed an even distribution in most tissues except for tissue-bound radioactivity that was localized in the liver and the nasal olfactory mucosa. A lower level of labelling in the central nervous system probably indicated that 7V-nitrosodiethanolamine penetrated the blood-brain barrier poorly, while higher labelling in the kidney and urinary bladder may reflect elimination of 7V-nitroso[ C]diethanolamine in urine (Lofbeig Tjalve, 1985). 

Lewis JL, Rhoades CE, Bice DE, et al. 1992. Interspecies comparison of cellular localization of the cyanide metabolizing enzyme rhodanese within olfactory mucosa. Anat Rec 232(4) 620-627. 

A primary function of the nasal cavity is olfaction. The location of the olfactory mucosa, recessed on the roof of the respiratory passage, means that it is accessed only by diffusion of volatile or airborne substances in inhaled air. The specialized epithelium features sensitive olfactory neurons that provide a direct link to the CNS. The structural features of the epithelium and potential for drug delivery are considered in detail in Section 19.6.1. 

The specialized olfactory mucosa features olfactory sensory neurons, which span the nose-brain barrier. At the epithelial surface nonmotile cilia extend from swellings, which lead via a dendritic extension to the neuronal cell body, from which an extended axon penetrates the... 

Gilner M, Brittebo EB, Brandt I, et al. 1987. Uptake and specific binding of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the olfactory mucosa of mice and rats. Cancer Res 47 4150-4159. 

Dear T. N., Boehm T., Keverne E. B. and Rabbitts T. H. (1991). Novel genes for potential ligand-binding proteins in subregions of the olfactory mucosa. EMBO Journal 10, 2813-2819. 

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