Oilseed-type plants

Flax cultivars have been selected for production of either fiber (fiber flax) or oil (oilseed flax). Location of production, climatic adaptation, and morphology of these types now differ considerably. Oilseed-type plants are usually shorter, have more branches, and produce more seeds, while fiber flax types are generally taller, have few branches, and have been seleeted for fiber (Gill, 1987). Bast fibers from flax, derived as part of the phloem, are long (4em), have high tensile strength, and have a high quality of cellulose (Deyholos, 2006). Fine flax fibers are used for linens and textiles, while coarser fibers are used for nonwoven textiles and twine. Both flax types have a short tap root system with fibrous branches. Flax is relatively shallow rooted, with only 4-7% of root mass deeper than 60 cm (Gan et al., 2009). 

It is only in relatively recent times that B. napus forms have been introduced to Japan, China, and the Indian subcontinent. In the Far East the B. napus form has been more productive than indigenous oilseed forms of B. campestris. Today, most of the rapeseed produced in China, Korea and Japan is harvested from B. napus type plants that have been bred from interspecific crosses between Introduced B. napus and older indigenous B. cam-... 

Continuous screw presses are used (1) for extracting fats and oils in small operations where investment capital or supplies of raw materials are limited and installation of a solvent extraction plant is impractical (2) to partially defat high-oil content seeds for easier handling in subsequent solvent extraction or hard pressing and (3) for extraction of animal flesh and bones, fish, and fleshy-type oilseeds such as palm fruit, olives, and copra (dried coconut meat ), and oilseeds. These machines have been generically referred to as expellers, but the Expeller trademark belongs to Anderson International Corporation, Cleveland, OH, successor to the company founded by Valerius D. Anderson who patented the first continuous screw press in 1899. 

Antioxidants from Cereais, Oiiseeds, and Rotated Sources Seeds rich in oils are also abundant sources of various types of antioxidative compounds. Among these carotenoids, phenolic acids, and their derivatives, flavonoids, phytic acid, lignans, and tocopherols are predominantly found depending on the plant genera and species. Reviews by Wanasundara et al. (110) and Shukla et al. (111) discuss antioxidants of oilseeds and their products in detail. 

Longer press time reduces the cycles per hour, so there is a corresponding decrease in capacity as residual fat is decreased. Starting with 2100 kg/h (4628 Ib/h) at 22-24% fat (6-min cycle time), capacity is reduced to 585 kg/h (1289 Ib/h) at 8-10% fat (25-min cycle time). The press is then opened, the cakes pushed out into a cake conveyor, and the press closed to start a new cycle. The press cycle can be controlled manually by plant personnel or it can be automatically controlled through a microprocessor. The Duyvis press can process slurries of other oilseeds, peanut, for example, but the major application for this type of press is cocoa butter. 

The red chlorophyll catabolite RCC (11) is bound strongly to PaO and inhibits it. In an in vitro assay, the soluble reductase from oilseed rape converted 11 to the primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite pFCC (10, 31,32-didchydro-1,4,5,10,17,18,20-(22//)-octahydro-132-(mcthoxy-carbonyl)-4,5-dioxo-4,5-seco-phytoporphyrin) (62, 83). The reductase, which was named red chlorophyll catabolite reductase (RCC-reductase) (68, 80, 83), introduced the chiral center C(l) via a stereo-selective reduction step. However, early studies with oilseed rape and sweet pepper indicated a remarkable stereo-dichotomy of the respective reductases (see above) (67, 68, 69). Screening of a variety of plant species for their type of primary FCC revealed the broad existence of two classes of the RCC-reductases , whose stereo-selectivity was species specific (84). At present, the (absolute or relative) configuration at C(l) in the two pFCCs (10 and epi-10) is not yet established (2). Indeed, the existence of the two epimeric pFCCs (10 and epi-10) (see Scheme 6) indicated the absolute configuration at the newly generated chiral center to have no apparent functional relevance (67, 68, 69). 

Solvent Extraction with Oilseeds—Extraction of the bleaching earths in a mixture with oilseeds is practiced by some extraction plants with processing capabilities, but the potential problems for this type of recovery may outweigh the savings for example, the mineral content of the meal may be increased beyond the acceptable limits, and the recovered oil may decrease the quality of the new oil extracted. The oxidation products and polymers from the recovered oil could contaminate the fresh oil. 

In order to investigate possible indirect pleiotropic effects on plant characteristics mediating honey bee-plant relationships, in most studies the nectar quantity and quality were compared between GM and control plant genotypes. Oilseed rape, expressing various types of resistance, has been the main GM plant under investigation. 

Plant oils from different oilseeds can have quite different fatty acid compositions (Table 9.2) and accordingly would be expected to have different effects on milk fat CLA concentrations. Comparisons between different types of plant oils suggest that those rich in linoleic acid inaease CLA concentration most effectively (6,20, 42). Therefore, it would be anticipated that cottonseed, soybean, sunflower, and safflower oils would have the greatest effect, although a variety of other plaut oil supplements, such as linseed (39) and rapeseed (35) oil (42), have also been used successfully to enrich the CLA content of cow s mUk. 

Phenolic acids and coumarins Two families of phenolic acids are widely distributed in plants - a range of substituted benzoic (Cg-Ci) acid derivatives and those derived from cinnamic (C -C ) acid. Both types of phenolic acids usually occur in conjugated or esterified form. The simpler types of benzoic acid derivatives include p-hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, vannilic, gallic and syringic acids, and the o-hydroxy salicylic and gentisic acids (Fig. 1). The cinnamic acids p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic, and sinapic, are found in most oilseeds and occur frequently in the form of esters with quinic acid or sugars (Fig. 1). Chlorogenic... 

Barsby, T.L., Yarrow, S.A., Kemble, R.J. and Grant, I. (1987) The transfer of cytoplasmic male sterility to winter-type oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) by protoplast fusion. Plant Sci. 53, 243-248. 

Plants are a rich source of phenolic and polyphenolic confounds that serve as secondary metabolites to protect them from oxidative stress of photos3mdiesis and wound and also as antifeedant against herbivores. In addition, diese phenolics serve as good filters against UV light. The mixture of compounds present in different plant sources provides an excellent opportunity for exploitation to control oxidative deterioration of food lipids. The type, concentration and complexity of phenolics in different plants present a challenge for dieir isolation, identification and application. Examples will be provided to demonstrate the isolation, testing, and activity determination of a number of natural extracts finm selected oilseeds. 

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