Oils sterols

The most common sterols are A5-unsaturated desmethylsterols, but 4a-methylsterols and4,4-dimethylsterols occur at lower concentrations in vegetable oils. For example, sesame seed oil sterols are 85-89% des-, 9-11% mono- and 2-4% dimethylsterols (Kamal-Eldin and Appelqvist, 1994). The composition of monomethylsterol and dimethylsterol fractions of some oils is given in Table 6.2. 

Labeling Label as Vegetable Oil (Plant) Sterol Esters to indicate that the vegetable oil sterols and the fatty acids originate from vegetable oils. Declare the presence of any preservative, antioxidant, or other added substance. 

Assay Not less than 86.0% of Vegetable Oil Phytosterol Esters and not more than 9.0% of free vegetable oil sterols, the sum not less than 95.0%. Not less than 59.0% of des-methyl-sterols. Not more than 5.0% of acyl-glycerides. The vegetable oil sterols in Vegetable Oil Phytosterol Esters show the following typical distribution ... 

Relative Levels of Vegetable Oil Phytosterol Esters and Vegetable Oil Sterols... 

Hendriks, H.F. et al.. Spreads enriched with three different levels of vegetable oil sterols and the degree of cholesterol lowering in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 53, 319, 1999. 

Wood Solubility. The solubility of wood in various solvents is a measure of the extraneous components content. No single solvent is able to remove all of the extraneous materials. Ether is relatively nonpolar and extracts fats, resins, oils, sterols, and terpenes. Ethanol/ benzene is more polar and extracts most of the ether-solubles plus most of the organic materials insoluble in water. Hot water extracts some inorganic salts and low molecular weight polysaccharides including gums and starches. Water also removes certain hemicelluloses such as the arabinogalactan gum present in larch wood see Table I). 

Siew, W.L. (1990) Palm oil sterols, in Palm Oil Developments, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Malaysia, pp. 18-19. 

Natural mixed tocopherols (E306), natural D-a tocopherol, natural o-a tocopherol acetate, natural D-a tocopherol succinate from soybean sources Vegetable oil-derived phytosterols and phytosterol esters from soybean sources Plant stanol ester produced from vegetable oil sterols from soybean sources Whey used in distillates for spirits Lactitol... 

Comparison of the sterols and sterol esters of coconut and palm kernel oils have showed sufficient differences to form a basis for distinguishing between the two oils. Sterols were isolated as the digitonides and analyzed using packed-column GLC. Sterol esters, separated by preparative TLC, were analyzed by temperature-programmed capillary GLC (50% phenyl 50% methlypolysi-loxane stationary phase) and reversed-phase HPLC. Palm kernel oil displayed two major peaks, apparently due to campesteryl myristate and unresolved sitosteryl myristate/avenasteryl palminate, which were present at lower levels in the coconut oil. In addition, variations in the concentrations of other components were observed. 

The seeds were edible and used to nourish the lung, regulate stomach-energy and improve agalactia of parturient. It contained soyasaponin I, large amount of oil, sterols and leucocyanidin. Tonic and sedative effects of the seeds were discovered in recent years as well as the hemostatic effect of testa and hypotensive effect of the shells. 

PEG-2 tall oil acid ester. See PEG-2 tallate PEG-5 tall oil sterol... 

Definition PEG ether of tall oil sterol with avg. 5 moles EO... 

POE (13) sunflower glycerides. See PEG-13 sunflower glycerides POE (13) tallate. See PEG-13 tallate POE (23) tallate. See PEG-23 tallate POE (15) tall oil acid. See PEG-15 tallate POE (5) tall oil sterol. See PEG-5 tall oil sterol POE (5) tallow amide. See PEG-5 tallow amide POE (8) tallow amide. See PEG-8 tallow amide POE (50) tallow amide. See PEG-50 tallow amide... 

Sterol GMS. See Glyceryl stearate Sterol LG 491. See PEG-8 glyceryl laurate Sterol ST 1. See Glycol stearate Sterol ST 2. See PEG-2 stearate Sterols, glycine soya Sterols, soy Sterols, soybean. See Soybean (Glycine soja) sterol Sterols, tall oil. See Tall oil sterol Sterotex HM NF. See Hydrogenated soybean oil... 

Tall oil rosin, pentaerythritol ester. See Pentaerythrityl rosinate Tall oil rosin sodium salt. See Sodium tallate Tall oil sterol... 

PEG-5 tall oil sterol PEG-50 tallowamine PEG-20 tallow ammonium ethosulfate PEG-5 tallow benzonium chloride PEG-15 tallow polyamine... 

The composition of some of the other minor components of significance in the oil, sterols, 4-methylsterols and triterpene alcohols, are given in Tables 3.145-3.147. The phospholipids in glandless cottonseed oil are given in Table 3.39. 

In many respects, the fatty acids of groundnut and sunflowerseed oils lie on either side of that for maize oil. This means that blends of groundnut and sunflowerseed oil can have fatty acid compositions very close to that of maize oil and the mixture of groundnut and sunflower oils is therefore very difficult to detect if used as an adulterant for maize oil. The purity of maize oil has in fact been very difficult to establish for a variety of reasons. As just explained, the fatty acid composition data are difficult to interpret, whilst sterol data are equally difficult because maize oil has far more sterols than the other vegetable oils. In any blend, the maize oil sterols therefore swamp those of any adulterant, with the result that the final mixture still corresponds to that of maize. Other methods of establishing maize oil purity were therefore explored, leading to the technique of stable carbon isotope ratio measurement. 

Heads OH Fatty Acid) Rosin Tall Oil Sterols)... 

Conner A H, Nagaoka M, Rowe J W, Perlman D 1976 Microbial conversion of tall oil sterols to Ci9 steroids. Appl Environ Microbiol 32 310-311... 

Corn oil, Sterols and a-, 5-, and Saponification (ascorbic acid with GC-FID HP-5MS 0-200 pg with values of Du and Ahn... 

Phytosterols have cholesterol-lowering properties reducing cholesterol absorption in intestines, and may act in cancer prevention. Phytosterols naturally occur in small amount in vegetable oils, especially soybean oil. Sterols can reduce cholesterol in human subjects by up to 15% (Rossi S, 2006). 

The effects of rice bran oil and its components seen in animal studies have also been noted in humans (Cicero and Gaddi, 2001). Tsai et al (1992) found that full-fat rice bran decreased serum cholesterol and LDL levels in humans, while defatted rice bran did not have a significant effect. Vissers et al (2000) found that feeding human volunteers 2.1 g rice bran oil sterols per day reduced total cholesterol levels by 5% and LDL cholesterol levels by 9%. HDL cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations did not change significantly at this level of rice bran oil supplementation. 

Dimethyl sterols are also intermediates in plant sterol biosynthesis and can be found in only trace amounts in most plants. Some plant materials such as rice bran oil (see Chapter 4) have elevated levels of 4,4-dimethyl sterols such as cycloartenol and 24-methyl cycloartenol. The content of 4,4-dimethyl sterols in rice bran oil sterols varies, probably with the rice variety and processing conditions. According to de Deckere and Korver (1996), crude rice bran oil contains 1.8,0.4 and 1.2 g/100 g oil of 4-desmethyl, 4-methyl and 4,4-dimethyl sterols, respectively, mainly as esters of ferulic andp-coumaric acids. 

Currently plant sterols are derived on a commercial scale from vegetable oils and from wood. Sterol blends from both these sources have been extensively studied regarding their safety parameters and their cholesterol-lowering efficacy, both in animals and in humans. Free and esterified soy sterols, free tall oil sterols, and stanol esters from both sources have obtained GRAS ( generally recognized as safe ) status in the USA. 

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