Oil yield

For a single stage separator i.e. only one separator vessel, there is an optimum pressure which yields the maximum amount of oil and minimises the carry over of heavy components into the gas phase (a phenomenon called stripping). By adding additional separators to the process line the yield of oil can be increased, but with each additional separator the incremental oil yield will decrease. 

Figure 10.9 Incremental oil yield versus separator stages...

Capital and operating costs will increase as more separator stages are added to the process line, so a balance has to be struck between increased oil yield and cost. It is uncommon to find that economics support more than 3 stages of separation and one or two stage separation is more typical. The increased risk of separation shut down is also a contributing factor in limiting numbers. 

Crude oil (petroleum), a dark viscous liquid, is a mixture of virtually hundreds of different hydrocarbons. Distillation of the crude oil yields several fractions, which are then used for different purposes. 

FIGURE 2 11 Distillation of crude oil yields a series of volatile fractions having the names indicated along wih a nonvolatile residue The number of carbon atoms that characterize the hydrocarbons in each frac tion IS approximate... 

A certain carboxylic acid (C14H26O2) which can be isolated from whale blubber or sardine oil yields nonanal and 0=CH(CH2)3C02H on ozonolysis What is the structure of this acid" ... 

Species Seed yield, kg/hm Average Seed oil yield Potential ... 

Direct hydrohquefaction of biomass or wastes can be achieved by direct hydrogenation of wood chips on treatment at 10,132 kPa and 340 to 350°C with water and Raney nickel catalyst (45). The wood is completely converted to an oily Hquid, methane, and other hydrocarbon gases. Batch reaction times of 4 hours give oil yields of about 35 wt % of the feed the oil contains about 12 wt % oxygen and has a heating value of about 37.2 MJ /kg (16,000 Btu/lb). Distillation yields a significant fraction that boils in the same range as diesel fuel and is completely miscible with it. 

Properties. Results for the operation using subbituminous coal from the Wyodad mine near Gillette, Wyoming, are shown in Table 13. Char yields decreased with increasing temperature, and oil yields increased. The Fischer assay laboratory method closely approximated the yields and product assays that were obtained with the TOSCOAL process. 

Numbers represent shale oil yield range in L/1. To convert L/1 to gal/short ton, multiply by 0.2397. ... 

Temperature and Product Yields. Most oil shale retorting processes are carried out at ca 480°C to maximize liquid product yield. The effect of increasing retort temperature on product type from 480 to 870°C has been studied using an entrained bed retort (17). The oil yield decreased and the retort gas increased with increased retorting temperature the oil became more aromatic as temperature increased, and maximum yields of olefinic gases occurred at about 760°C. Effects of retorting temperatures on a distillate fraction (to 300°C) are given in Table 6. 

Conrad Industries, Inc. (CentraUa, Washington) and Clean Air Products Company (Pordand, Oregon) have jointiy built a tire pyrolysis demonstration machine which allows recovery of combustible gases, oils, and other by-products. The equipment can also handle other carbonaceous material. It is designed to process 0.9 t/h of tires the entire system is estimated to cost about 2.3 x 10 . The feedstock consists of 5-cm tires chips which produce pyrolytic filler, a vapor gas yielding 11.5 kj/m (1000 Btu/ft ), and medium and light oils yielding about 42 MJ/kg (18,000 Btu/lb) (32). 

In a 250-ml three-necked flask fitted with a magnetic stirrer, a pressure-equalizing dropping funnel, and a thermometer is placed a solution of l,4-cyclohexanediol(l 1.4g, 0.10 mole), 35 ml of chloroform, and 27 ml of dry pyridine. The solution is cooled in an ice bath to 0-5 and is maintained below 5 throughout the addition. A solution of benzoyl chloride (14 g, 0.10 mole) in 30 ml of dry chloroform is added with stirring at a rate so as to keep the temperature below 5° (approx. 40 minutes). After completion of the addition, the mixture is allowed to come to room temperature and stand overnight. The chloroform solution is washed four times with 50-mI portions of water, once with 50 ml of 5 % sulfuric acid solution, and finally with saturated sodium chloride solution. The chloroform solution is then dried (sodium sulfate), and the solvent is removed. Fractionation of the residue gives a cis and trans mixture of 4-benzoyloxycyclohexanol, bp 175-17870.2 mm, as a very viscous oil, yield about 55%. 

Schitnmel. t Co. have obtained specimens ol raw materiala of various parts ol the plant and eiamined the oils yielded bj them. The rcaults of tbeir iavesligatioos are summarised as lollowa —... 

The harvest begins early in Se iii iiihei, when a red rust Or " SQuff appears on the leaves.. After some slight drying the planU are distilled (ur about sis hours. The oil-yield per acre ranges from H up to 2b Ih. 

On evaporation oti a watcr-batb, sweel orange oil yields from J-.O lo 4 per cent, ot fixed ru.sidue, which has an acid value of H to 30 and an ester value of li-o lo 170. Spanish orange oil, however, which is expressed From a dark-skinned orange, yields from 7 to 0 pur cent. o[ fixed... 

The most likely substitute for coal is natural gas, which, as noted earlier, releases about 55 percent of the amount of carbon dioxide that coal, on the average, does. In addition, it produces far fewer other pollutants, such as sulfates and polycyclic hydrocarbons, than coal and oil yield on combustion. 

Adjustment of the gasoline, LCO, and decanted oil yields to standard cut points. 

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