Oil phase emulsified

Trade name Oil phase (%) Emulsifier (%) Other components (%)... 

To describe the process of an oil phase emulsifying into foam lamellae, one could adopt an equilibrium thermodynamic approach analogous to that employed to obtain S and E. Such an approach produces the result that emulsification is only favored (negative AG) for negative values of the interfacial tension. In an alternative approach, the tendency of an oil phase to become emulsified and imbibed into foam lamellae has been described through a simplified balance of forces by the lamella number, L (37). For foam lamellae flowing in porous media, it is predicted that oil will be drawn in and pinched off to produce emulsified drops inside foam lamellae when L > 1, where... 

Uses SE waxy material, oil-phase emulsifier, emulsion stabilizer, and superfatting agent in cosmetic cleansing foams Regulatory JCID compliance Ftroperffes Cream-colored soft wax HLB 5.4 100% cone. 

The phase-inversion temperature (PIT) is defined as the temperature where, on heating, an oil—water—emulsifier mixture inverts from O/W to a W/O emulsion [23]. The PIT correlates very well with the HLB as illustrated in Fig. XIV-10 [72, 73]. The PIT can thus be used as a guide in emulsifier selection. 

The second step is to disperse the core material being encapsulated in the solution of shell material. The core material usually is a hydrophobic or water-knmiscible oil, although soHd powders have been encapsulated. A suitable emulsifier is used to aid formation of the dispersion or emulsion. In the case of oil core materials, the oil phase is typically reduced to a drop size of 1—3 p.m. Once a suitable dispersion or emulsion has been prepared, it is sprayed into a heated chamber. The small droplets produced have a high surface area and are rapidly converted by desolvation in the chamber to a fine powder. Residence time in the spray-drying chamber is 30 s or less. Inlet and outlet air temperatures are important process parameters as is relative humidity of the inlet air stream. 

Suspensions of oil in water (32), such as lanolin in wool (qv) scouring effluents, are stabilized with emulsifiers to prevent the oil phase from adsorbing onto the membrane. Polymer latices and electrophoretic paint dispersions are stabilized using surface-active agents to reduce particle agglomeration in the gel-polarization layer. 

Fig. 11. In a system of water and hydrocarbon a nonionic emulsifier with a poly(ethylene glycol) chain as the polar part dissolves in the aqueous phase at low temperatures (a) and in the oil phase at high temperatures (c). At an intermediate temperature (b) three isotropic Hquid phases may be found.

The final factor influencing the stabiHty of these three-phase emulsions is probably the most important one. Small changes in emulsifier concentration lead to drastic changes in the amounts of the three phases. As an example, consider the points A to C in Figure 16. At point A, with 2% emulsifier, 49% water, and 49% aqueous phase, 50% oil and 50% aqueous phase are the only phases present. At point B the emulsifier concentration has been increased to 4%. Now the oil phase constitutes 47% of the total and the aqueous phase is reduced to 29% the remaining 24% is a Hquid crystalline phase. The importance of these numbers is best perceived by a calculation of thickness of the protective layer of the emulsifier (point A) and of the Hquid crystal (point B). The added surfactant, which at 2% would add a protective film of only 0.07 p.m to emulsion droplets of 5 p.m if all of it were adsorbed, has now been transformed to 24% of a viscous phase. This phase would form a very viscous film 0.85 p.m thick. The protective coating is more than 10 times thicker than one from the surfactant alone because the thick viscous film contains only 7% emulsifier the rest is 75% water and 18% oil. At point C, the aqueous phase has now disappeared, and the entire emulsion consists of 42.3% oil and 57.5% Hquid crystalline phase. The stabilizing phase is now the principal part of the emulsion. 

Oil-base muds are composed of oil as the continuous phase, water as the dispersed phase, emulsifiers, wetting agents, and gellants. There are other chemicals used for oil-base mud treatment such as degellants, filtrate reducers, weighting agents, etc. 

Oil Muds. Oil-base muds can be used effectively to minimize the corrosion-related problems in drilling operations. These fluids are composed of a continuous oil phase in which water is emulsified. The performance of oil-base mud is very competitive with that of water-base muds, and is superior under some adverse conditions. However, as pointed out earlier, they are only used in special cases due to their high costs and environmental restrictions. Nevertheless, they are the most effective method to avoid corrosion-related problems. 

K. A. Barsukov, V. Yu. Ismikhanov, A. A. Akhmetov, G. S. Pop, G. A. Lanchakov, and V. M. Sidorenko. Composition for hydro-bursting of oil and gas strata—consists of hydrocarbon phase, sludge from production of sulphonate additives to lubricating oils, surfactant-emulsifier and minerdised water. Patent SU 1794082-A, 1993. 

Heat the oil phase and water phase to about 65° C. Add the oil phase slowly to the aqueous phase with stirring to form a crude emulsion. Cool to about 50°C and homogenize. Cool with agitation until congealed. Note In this classic preparation, the stearic acid reacts with the alkaline borate to form the emulsifying stearate soap. VIII. Paste (zinc oxide paste, USP) Zinc oxide 25%... 

Flow properties of macroemulsions are different from those of non-emulsified phases 19,44). When water droplets are dispersed in a non-wetting oil phase, the relative permeability of the formation to the non-wetting phase decreases. Viscous energy must be expended to deform the emulsified water droplets so that they will pass through pore throats. If viscous forces are insufficient to overcome the capillary forces which hold the water droplet within the pore body, flow channels will become blocked with persistent, non-draining water droplets. As a result, the flow of oil to the wellbore will also be blocked. 

HLB value of the oil phase. Further tests can then be carried out with different chemical types of agents around this effective HLB value in order to find the optimum emulsifying system. 

Since the isolation of IGTS8, many other Rhodococcus as well as Mycobacterium strains capable of sulfur-specific desulfurization via the 4S pathway have been isolated. Genetic analysis of some of these strains has shown that the dsz genes are almost identical in all these strains however, the strains still differ in their rate of desulfurization. It has been realized that this is due to the difference in non-desulfurizing traits of the strains. These traits are mostly physiological differences between the strains. These parameters play a secondary role in determining the rate of desulfurization in these strains. These include the ability to emulsify the oil phase, solvent tolerance and resistance to various... 

Several emulsions were prepared with SMO as the emulsifier of the primary emulsion, at constant concentration Ci in the oil phase, and SDS at various concentrations Ch in the external aqueous phase. Figure 6.10 shows the quantity of salt released (expressed in relative percentage) as a function of time for all the plots, the globule diameter, the initial droplet volume fraction, and the globule volume fraction were the same. For Ch < CMC, the release is quite slow, occurring over a characteristic time scale of several days. The rate decreases when Ch increases, being minimal around 1 CMC. When the process is achieved (nearly 100% has been released), it appears via microscopy that the water droplet... 

N. Garti, S. Magdassi, and D. WhitehUl Transfer Phenomena Across the Oil Phase in Water-Oil-Water Multiple Emulsions Evaluated hy Coulter Counter 1. Effect of Emulsifier 1 on Water Permeahihty. J. CoUoid Interface Sci. 104,587 (1985). 

HLB values decrease as the solubility of the surface-active agent decreases in water. Solubility of cetyl alcohol in water (at 25°C) is less than a milligram per liter. It is thus obvious that, in any emulsion, cetyl alcohol will be present mainly in the oil phase, while SDS will be mainly found in the water phase. Empirical HLB values are found to have significant use in emulsion technology applications. It was shown that HLB is related, in general, to the distribution coefficient, KD, of the emulsifier in the oil and water phases ... 

As mentioned earlier, ordinary emulsions as prepared by mixing oil, water, and emulsifier are thermodynamically unstable. That is, such an emulsion may be stable over a length of time, but it will finally separate into two phases (the oil phase and the aqueous phase). They can also be separated by centrifugation. These emulsions are opaque, which means that the dispersed phase (oil or water) is present in the form of large droplets (more than a micrometer and thus visible to the naked eye). 

Under normal circumstances, refined fuels do not form emulsions with water. The fuel and water readily separate into two distinct phases, a lower water phase and an upper fuel or oil phase. However, when emulsifying agents mix with fuel, emulsification can result. Examples of common fuel emulsifying agents include any of the following ... 

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