Phase-only

Figure 1. shows the measured phase differenee derived using equation (6). A close match between the three sets of data points can be seen. Small jumps in the phase delay at 5tt, 3tt and most noticeably at tt are the result of the mathematical analysis used. As the cell is rotated such that tlie optical axis of the crystal structure runs parallel to the angle of polarisation, the cell acts as a phase-only modulator, and the voltage induced refractive index change no longer provides rotation of polarisation. This is desirable as ultimately the device is to be introduced to an interferometer, and any differing polarisations induced in the beams of such a device results in lower intensity modulation. 

An equilibrium constant describing the distribution of a solute between two phases only one form of the solute is used in defining the partition coefficient... 

Kinoforms are phase-only masks which are prepared by setting the amphtude values to unity and changing only the phase across the hologram (30). The kinoform has the advantage that proper preparation can lead to holograms which can diffract almost ah. of the light into the usefiil first order. 

Gases. At low temperatures and pressures, most gases are relatively insoluble in water and tend to appear in the steam phase. Only those gases that ionize to some extent violate this rule. However, as the pressure approaches the critical point, the solubiUty of gases increases. 

Anotlrer consideration in the production of thin fllms by photochemical processes is that the fraction of the beam which is not used in photodecomposition will heat any substrate on which it is desired to form the fllm. The power of tire light source which can be used for photodecomposition in the gaseous phase only is therefore limited by the transmission of energy. Clearly this transmitted beam represents a constant source of energy which... 

In equation (37), for an incompressible mobile phase, the kinetic dead volume is (Vi(m)) which is the volume of moving phase only. Consequently, at a flow rate of... 

APl = pressure drop of liquid phase only (psi/element) APq = pressure drop of gas phase only (psi/element)... 

Estimated level of effort for initial planning phase only. 

The existence of the amorphous phase of the fiber is confirmed in x-ray examination by the occurrence of a distinct intensity maximum of the radiation scattered diffusively at 2Q = 21.6 . The fraction of the amorphous phase in the fiber depends on manufacturing conditions and a possible further refining treatment. It is estimated to vary from 0.25 to 0.60. With an increase of the draw ratio and following the thermal treatment of the fiber, the proportion of the amorphous phase only reaches the lower values of this interval,... 

Carson and Katz5 studied another part of the methane-propane-water system. These authors investigated its behavior when an aqueous liquid, a hydrocarbon liquid, a gas, and some solid were present. It was found that the system was univariant so that the solid consisted of a single phase only. This phase is a hydrate which proved to contain methane and propane in various ratios. They then concluded that these hydrates behaved as solid solutions. It is clear that Carson and Katz measured a part of the four-phase line HllL1L2G. 

An additional requirement is that the reactant material must have two phases present in the tie-triangle, but the matrix phase only one. This is another way of saying that the stability window of the matrix phase must span the reaction potential, but that the binary titration curve of the reactant material must have a plateau at the tie-triangle potential. It has been shown that one can evaluate the possibility that these conditions are met from knowledge of the binary titration curves, without having to perform a large number of ternary experiments. 

Tadaki and Maeda (Tl) examined the desorption of carbon dioxide from water in a bubble-column and analyzed the experimental results under the assumption that while the gas phase moves in piston flow, the liquid undergoes axial mixing that can be characterized by the diffusion model. (Shulman and Molstad, in contrast, assumed piston flow for both phases.) Only poor agreement was obtained between the theoretical model and the experimental... 

Drugp act in various ways in the body. Oral drugp go through three phases the pharmaceutic phase, pharmacokinetic phase, and pharmacodynamic phase Liquid and parenteral drug (drug given by injection) go through the later two phases only. 

Samples that contain two phases present a special problem depending on the site of the materials of interest. If the substances are known to be associated with one phase only, the sample procedure is simply to separate the two phases by filtration or centrifugation and treat the sample as a liquid or solid sample depending on the phase that contains the materials to be determined. However, if the materials of interest are distributed between the two phases, some in solution and some adsorbed on the surface of the solid, then special extraction procedures will be necessary. 

As outlined in chapter 1 the term electrode is used - contrary to the suggestion of W. Nemst - to designate the electronically conducting phase only, the term electrolyte solution covers all types of ionically conducting phases (solutions, melts, solids) being in contact with the former phase. 

Although the phase diagrams of all of the systems PbY-PbXa (Y = S, Se, Te X = Cl, Br, I) have been published (see Fig. 32), contradictory data are to be found in the literature with respect to the existence and composition of ternary phases. Only four of them could be identified by structure determinations. They are summarized in Table XXII. 

Liquid-liquid reactions occur between two or more liquid phases whereby a system consisting of an organic and an aqueous phase is applied most frequently. Usually reaction takes place in one phase only. Phase-transfer catalysts are sometimes used to make transfer of a reactant to the reacting phase easier. Among typical liquid-liquid reactions utilized in fine chemicals manufacture are nitrations with mixtures of nitric and sulphuric acid, conventional hydroxylations performed with hydrogen peroxide, esterifications, alkylations, brominations, and iodinations. 

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