Burning oils

These are carbon monoxide, CO, unburned hydrocarbons (HC), and the nitrogen oxides, NO. In the U.S.A., a program called Auto/Oil (Burns et al., 1992), conducted by automotive manufacturers and petroleum companies, examined the effect of overall parameters of fuel composition on evaporative emissions and in the exhaust gases. The variables examined were the aromatics content between 20 and 45%, the olefins content between 5 and 20%, the MTBE content between 0 and 15% and finally the distillation end point between 138 and 182°C (more exactly, the 95% distilled point). 

In recent years there has been a rapid growth in the number of combined heat and power (CHP) and combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plants, driven mainly by gas turbines using natural gas, sometimes with liquid fuel available as stand-by. Governments have encouraged the construction of these plants, as their efficiency is high and they produce less carbon dioxide than conventional coal and oil-burning power stations. However, they present some hazards, as gas turbines are noisy and are therefore usually enclosed. 

Ol-feuerung, /, oil burning or heating oil furnace. -film, m. oil film, -firms, m. oil varnish. -flaschchen, n. (Mw,tos.) immersion oil bottle, -fleck, m. oil spot, oil stain, ol-frei, a. free from oil. oil-free, -fUhrend, a. 

The draw-off connection to the oil-burning plant should be at the raised end of horizontal tanks. Where heating... 

To prevent foreign matter from damaging components and choking valves or atomizer orifices, filters must be incorporated into the handling system. There are usually two stages of filtration. The first provides protection for pumps and fire valves which handle oil at temperatures below those required at the oil-burning equipment. Second-stage... 

A valve that closes in case of fire should be inserted in the oil fuel line to the oil-burning equipment and fitted as close to the tank as possible. It may be held open mechanically, pneumatically or electrically. Temperature-sensitive elements should be arranged to close the valve at a fixed maximum temperature, and sited close to the oil-fired plant and well above floor level. The operating temperature of the heat-sensitive elements should not be greater than 68°C (155°F) except where ambient temperatures in the vicinity of the plant may exceed 418°C (120°F), in which case the operating temperatures may be 183°C (200°F). 

A sub-gravity system is one in which a pump associated with the oil-burning equipment is used to suck the oil from a tank in which the level of the oil can be below the level of the pump. 

Branch lines transfer oil from a ring main circuit to the oil-burning equipment. Where a residual oil fuel is to be used, there will be some cooling of the oil immediately adjacent to the pipe surfaces and this will show as a small increase in viscosity. To keep this variation to a minimum and so prevent any difficulties in atomization at the oil burner, care should be taken over the length and diameter of branch lines. Provision should always be made to isolate and drain branch lines. 

When a fluid is flowing through a pipe, resistance to flow is caused by friction. The pipe bore selected for each section must be such that under any operating conditions, the initial head, either static head of oil in the supply tank or the pump delivery pressure, will be adequate to ensure the required flow rate. Additionally, any change of flow rate and consequent variation in loss of head must not adversely affect the operation of the associated oil-burning equipment. 

The burner system of the gas- and oil-burning boilers are operating under similar draft conditions and preferably in the same room ... 

Fig. 7.50 Metal loss of austenitic and ferritic steels after exposure in oil-burning power stations as a function of metal and gas temperature (after Cutler et at. " )...

A crude oil burned in electrical generating plants contains about 13% sulfur by mass. When the oil bums, die sulfur forms sulfur dioxide gas ... 

Judgment must be used in applying foams to hot oils, burning asphalts, or burning liquids, where the bulk temperature of the liquid is above the boiling point of water. Although the comparatively low water content of foams can cool such fuels at a low rate, it can also cause violent frothing and "slop over" of the contents of a tank. 

Fuel oil is any liquid petroleum product that is burned in a furnace for the generation of heat, or used in an engine for the generation of power, except oils having a flash point below 100°F and oil burned in cotton or wool burners. The oil may be a distillated fraction of petroleum, a residuum from refinery operations, a crude petroleum, or a blend of two or more of these. 

Nickel is also found in meteorites and on the ocean floor in lumps of minerals known as sea floor nodules. The earth s core contains large amounts of nickel. Nickel is released into the atmosphere during nickel mining and by industries that make alloys or nickel compounds or industries that use nickel and its compounds. These industries may also discharge nickel in waste water. Nickel is also released into the atmosphere by oil-burning power plants, coalburning power plants, and trash incinerators. 

The samples were analyzed for trace metals and sulfate as well as for three fractions of particulate organic matter (POM) using sequential extraction with cyclohexane (CYC), dichloromethane (DCM) and acetone (ACE). Factor analysis was used to identify the principal types of emission sources and select source tracers. Using the selected source tracers, models were developed of the form POM = a(V) + b(Pb) + - - -, where a and b are regression coefficients determined from ambient data adjusted to constant dispersion conditions. The models for CYC and ACE together, which constitute 90% of the POM, indicate that 40% (3.0 pg/m ) of the mass was associated with oil-burning, 19% (1.4 pg/m ) was from automotive and related sources and 15% (1.1 pg/m ) was associated with soil-like particles. 

In developing a multiple regression model for apportioning sources of TSP in New York City, Kleinman, et al.(2) selected Pb, Mn, Cu, V and SO, as tracers for automotive sources, soil-related sources, incineration, oil-burning and secondary particulate matter, respectively. These were chosen on the basis of the results of factor analysis and a qualitative knowledge of the principal types of sources in New York City and the trace metals present in emissions from these types of sources. Secondary TSP, automotive sources and soil resuspension were found to be the principal sources of TSP in 1974 and 1975 ( ). 

Based on these results and considerations, it was concluded that Pb, V, Cu and SO. could be used as source tracers for automotive sources, oil-burning, incineration and secondary (or sulfate-associated) sources, respectively. Mn, however, should probably be considered as a composite tracer of automotive emissions and soil-related sources (resuspension of dust). 

This suggested multiple sources, as did the correlation studies. The strongest associations were with the factors identified as auto/soil, oil-burning and incineration sources. 

Based on the results of the factor analysis, V, PB, CU, and MN(C) were chosen as source tracers for oil-burning, automobile emissions, incineration and resuspended soil, respectively. 

FROM EQN. Oil-burning Transportation Soil Resuspension Incineration Residual NO. V PB MN(C) CU ... 

TSP added for soil resuspension ( ), then oil-burning, transportation, soil resuspension and other sources (such as incineration) can be estimated as contributing 57%, 24%, 15% and 4% of the primary TSP in New York City, respectively. The relative contributions of these sources to POM, i.e., the sum of CYC and ACE, from equations (14) and (18) are shown in Table VIII. Assuming that particulate organic matter is approximately proportional to TSP, the agreement in estimated relative source contributions is quite reasonable. 

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