Of nitric oxide

Engleman R Jr, Rouse P E, Peek H M and Biamonte V D 1970 Beta and gamma band systems of nitric oxide Los Aiamos Scientific Laboratory Report no LA-4364... 

Figure 8.20 Nitrogen Is and oxygen Is X-ray photoelectron spectra of nitric oxide (NO) adsorbed on an iron surface. 1, Fe surface at 85 K 2, exposed at 85 K to NO at 2.65 x 10 Pa for 80 s 3, as for 2 but exposed for 200 s 4, as for 2 but exposed for 480 s 5, after warming to 280 K. (Reproduced, with permission, from Kishi, K. and Roberts, M. W., Proc. R. Soc. Land., A352, 289, 1976)...

Air pollution can be considered to have three components sources, transport and transformations in the atmosphere, and receptors. The source emits airborne substances that, when released, are transported through the atmosphere. Some of the substances interact with sunlight or chemical species in the atmosphere and are transformed. Pollutants that are emitted directiy to the atmosphere are called primary pollutants pollutants that are formed in the atmosphere as a result of transformations are called secondary pollutants. The reactants that undergo transformation are referred to as precursors. An example of a secondary pollutant is O, and its precursors are NMHC and nitrogen oxides, NO, a combination of nitric oxide [10102-43-9] NO, and NO2. The receptor is the person, animal, plant, material, or ecosystem affected by the emissions. 

J. W. Pepper, Effect of Nitric Oxide Control on MHD-Steam Power Plant Economics andPeformance, SU-IPR Report No. 614, Institute for Plasma Research, Stanford University, Calif., Dec. 1974. 

Oxidation of Nitric Oxide. Nitric oxide [10102 3-9] reacts slowly with oxygen to yield nitrogen dioxide [10102 4-0] according to the reversible reaction (eq. 12) for which A 7/295 —57kJ/mol of NO consumed (13.6 kcal/mol). 

Effect of Nitric Oxide on Ozone Depletion. Nitrous oxide is injected into the atmosphere from natural sources on earth about 10% is converted to nitric oxide (N20 + 0( D) — 2 NO), which in turn can catalyze the destmction of ozone (11,32,75). The two main cycles are 1 and 2. Rate constant data are given in Reference 11. 

Addition of nitric oxide, NO, to the plasma during Si02 deposition gives siUcon oxynitride films. 

Hydroxylamine sulfate is produced by direct hydrogen reduction of nitric oxide over platinum catalyst in the presence of sulfuric acid. Only 0.9 kg ammonium sulfate is produced per kilogram of caprolactam, but at the expense of hydrogen consumption (11). A concentrated nitric oxide stream is obtained by catalytic oxidation of ammonia with oxygen. Steam is used as a diluent in order to avoid operating within the explosive limits for the system. The oxidation is followed by condensation of the steam. The net reaction is... 

Physical properties of hexachloroethane are Hsted in Table 11. Hexachloroethane is thermally cracked in the gaseous phase at 400—500°C to give tetrachloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, and chlorine (140). The thermal decomposition may occur by means of radical-chain mechanism involving -C,C1 -C1, or CCl radicals. The decomposition is inhibited by traces of nitric oxide. Powdered 2inc reacts violentiy with hexachloroethane in alcohoHc solutions to give the metal chloride and tetrachloroethylene aluminum gives a less violent reaction (141). Hexachloroethane is unreactive with aqueous alkali and acid at moderate temperatures. However, when heated with soHd caustic above 200°C or with alcohoHc alkaHs at 100°C, decomposition to oxaHc acid takes place. 

The reaction vessel (nitrator) is constructed of cast iron, mild carbon steel, stainless steel, or glass-lined steel depending on the reaction environment. It is designed to maintain the required operating temperature with heat-removal capabiUty to cope with this strongly exothermic and potentially ha2ardous reaction. Secondary problems are the containment of nitric oxide fumes and disposal or reuse of the dilute spent acid. Examples of important intermediates resulting from nitration are summarized in Table 3. 

Isoxazole-3-carbaldehyde has been obtained as a minor product from the reaction of acetylene with a mixture of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide (61JOC2976). Although 3-aryl-4-formylisoxazoles have been synthesized in good yields from the reaction of benzonitrile Af-oxides with 3-(dimethylamino)-2-propen-l-one (71S433), the parent member of the series, isoxazole-4-carbaldehyde, has never been reported. It may possibly be obtained by the addition of fulminic acid to 3-(dimethylamino)-2-propen-l-one. 

Sodium nitrite hy action of nitric oxide and oxygen on aqueous sodium carbonate... 

Sodium hypochlorite hy action of chlorine on aqueous sodium hydroxide Ammonium nitrate hy action of ammonia on aqueous nitric acid Nitric acid hy absorption of nitric oxide in water... 

The advantages of thermal incineration are that it is simple in concept, has a wide application, and results in almost complete destruction of pollutants with no liquid or solid residue. Thermal incineration provides an opportunity for heat recovery and has low maintenance requirements and low capital cost. Thermal incineration units for small or moderate exhaust streams are generally compact and light. Such units can be installed on a roof when the plant area is limited. = The main disadvantage is the auxiliary fuel cost, which is partly offset with an efficient heat-recovery system. The formation of nitric oxides during the combustion processes must be reduced by control of excess air temperature, fuel supply, and combustion air distribution at the burner inlet, The formation of thermal NO increases dramatically above 980 Table 13.10)... 

Alternatively, hydroxylammonium salts can be made either (a) by the electrolytic reduction of aqueous nitric acid between amalgamated lead electrodes in the presence of H2SO4/HCI, or (b) by the hydrogenation of nitric oxide in acid solutions over a Pl/charcoal catalyst ... 

Table 11.10 Some examples of linear and bent coordination of nitric oxide...

Stick-kohlenstoff, m. carbon nitride, -luft, /. close air nitrogen, -oiyd, n. nitric oxide, -oiydentbindung, /. liberation of nitric oxide, -oxydul, n. nitrous oxide, dinitrogen oxide, -stoff, m. nitrogen. 

The particles, or molecules, of the gas nitric oxide cannot be exactly like those of nitrogen dioxide. There must be differences that account for the fact that one gas is colorless and the other reddish-brown. Yet, when nitric oxide and air are mixed, color appears, suggesting that nitrogen dioxide has been formed. Apparently molecules present in air somehow combine with the molecules of nitric oxide to form molecules of nitrogen dioxide. We would like to develop our picture of molecules so it will aid us in discussing these changes. 

First, we explain the differences between nitric oxide, oxygen, and nitrogen dioxide by asserting that the molecules of nitric oxide, oxygen, and nitrogen dioxide are somehow different. They must be composed of smaller components that we call atoms. The numbers and kinds of atoms in a molecule of nitric oxide must be different from the numbers and kinds of atoms in a molecule of oxygen. 

Now we find that nitrogen dioxide can be formed from a mixture of nitric oxide and oxygen. This means that the atoms in nitrogen dioxide must have come from those in nitric oxide together with those in oxygen. 

Finally, we discover that exactly two volumes of nitric oxide combine with one volume of oxygen and that exactly two volumes of nitrogen dioxide are formed. According to Avogadro s Hypothesis, this indicates that... 

Consider the combination of nitric oxide and oxygen. Nitric oxide (a colorless gas) when mixed with oxygen gas (also colorless) becomes reddish-brown. The color is identical to that of another gas, nitrogen dioxide. All the properties of the nitric oxide-oxygen mixture are consistent with the conclusion that the gas nitrogen dioxide has... 

Thus we see that after the even number of atoms in two molecules of nitric oxide have combined with the atoms in one molecule of oxygen, there is still an even number of atoms. This can be so only if a molecule of oxygen also contains an even number of atoms. We are led... 

Suppose we are interested in the heat of combustion of nitric oxide, NO ... 

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