Of Douglas fir

Fig. 4. (a) Photomicrograph of Douglas fir kraft pulp (b) electron micrograph of Douglas fir pulp collapsed into paper. 

Impermeable timbers have a good resistance to polluted atmospheres where acid fumes rapidly attack steel. Wood has given excellent service in the buildings of chemical works and railway stations. Permeable wood species and sapwood can suffer defibration problems caused by the sulphur dioxide of industrial atmospheres. Tile battens are particularly vulnerable. The heartwood of Douglas fir, pitch pine, larch, Scots pine/European redwood and many tropical hardwoods give good service in these conditions. 

The third paper in this set Zavarin and Snajberk (1976) described their efforts to detect chemical races within big cone Douglas fir. Analysis of the cortical monoterpenoid fraction of 33 trees revealed that the major component was a-pinene, with P-pinene, 3-carene, and limonene present in lesser amounts. The monoterpene profiles of different populations varied somewhat from each other, but the overall profile of big cone Douglas fir was clearly different from that of Douglas fir. There was no evidence for gene flow between the southernmost population of Douglas fir at Lompoc and the closest population of big cone Douglas fir at Figueroa, sites separated by only 34 km. 

Foliage of Douglas fir had only trace amounts of (+)-camphene in trees from the coast but major concentrations in trees from the other three sites, hi contrast, ter-pene mixtures from lodgepole pine leaf and bole tissues had nearly the same levels of the major compound, (-)-P-phellandrene, and minor components regardless of origin. Patterns of variation in the other species were less extreme. 

Geographical variation in the terpene composition of the leaf oil of Douglas fir. 

In the annual report of the British Columbia Botanical Office in Vancouver for 1914, prepared by the Provincial Botanist in charge, John Davidson, there appears an illustration, here reproduced (Fig. 1), showing a branch of Douglas fir laden with white masses of a sugar-like substance the photograph was prepared from specimens received by the Office from its correspondent James A. Teit, of Spence s Bridge, British Columbia, who, in connection with his ethnological work on the plants... 

Studies on Lignin. XIV. The Composition of Douglas Fir Wood Digested... 

Xylan is found principally as a constituent of the plant cell wall although analysis of microdissected middle lamellae of Douglas fir shows the presence of 14% pentosan in the intercellular layer.8 Just how xylan... 

Sources 1 D.H. Bennett, C.M. Falter and A.F. Campbell, Prediction of Effluent Characteristics, Use of Lime Treatments and Toxicity of the Proposed Ponderay Mill , Appendix in engineer s report on Effluent Characteristics for Washington State Department of Ecology, 1987. 2 D.F. Zinkel, Tall Oil Precursors of Loblolly Pine , Tappi, 1975, 58, 2, pp. 118-121. 3 R.W. Hemingway, P.J. Nelson and W.E. Hillis, Rapid Oxidation of the Fats and Resins in Pinus Radiata Chips for Pitch Control , Tappi, 1971, 54, 1, pp. 95-98. 4 D.O. Foster, D.F. Zinkel and A.H. Conner, Tall Oil Precursors of Douglas Fir , Tappi, 1980, 63, 12, pp. 103-105. 

Chow, S.-Z. (1972). Hydroxyl accessibility, moisture content, and biochemical activity in cell walls of Douglas-fir trees. Tappi, 55(4), 539-544. 

Lin, R.T. (1969). Effect of heat treatment on some properties of Douglas-fir. Wood Science, 2(2), 112-119. 

Mitchell, R.L., Seborg, R.M. and Millett, M.A. (1953). Effect of heat on the properties and chemical composition of Douglas-fir wood and its major components. Journal of the Forest Products Research Society, 3(4), 38 2, 72-73. 

Tran, D.Q., Charanjit, R. 1978. A kinetic model for pyrolysis of Douglas fir bark Fuel 57 293-298. 

Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR EC 1.1.1.219) is a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family and catalyzes the stereospecific conversion of (+)-(2R,3R)-dihydroflavonols to the corresponding (2R,3S,4S) flavan-3,4-cw-diols (leucoanthocyanidins), with NADPH as a required cofactor. The enzyme activity was first identified in cell suspension cultures of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and was shown to be related to the accumulation of flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins [96]. Leucoanthocyanidins and DFR were later shown to be required for anthocyanidin formation by complementation of Matthiola incana mutants blocked between dihydroflavonol and anthocyanidin biosynthesis [97, 98], DFR has been purified to apparent homogeneity and biochemically analyzed from flower buds of Dahlia variabilis [99]. DFR was shown to accept different substrates depending on the plant species from which it was isolated (reviewed in 100). 

Watering the foliage of seedlings with quadrivalent selenium reduced deer browsing of Douglas fir. This produces a garlic-like odor that might be responsible for the effect (Allan etal, 1984). 

Figure 1. Height of Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine seedlings as a function of species mix and mycorrhizal infection.

Values determined by Saeman for the hydrolysis of Douglas fir are shown in Table II. 

Pig. 5.—Batch alcohol production in the series N batch fermentations of Douglas fir wood hydrolysate by contmuous transfer using 6.3 liters of 5% reducing sugar and 700 ml. of fermented liquor. ... 

Apple ME, Olszyk DM, Lewis J, Southworth D, Tingey DT (2000) Morphology and stomatal function of Douglas fir needles exposed to climate change elevated C02 and temperature. Int J Plant Sd 161 127-132... 

Marques, R., and J. Ranger. 1997. Nutrient dynamics in a chronosequence of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb,) Franco) stands in the Beaujolais Mounts (France). Forest Ecology and Management 91 255—277. 

Newton, M. and D.S. Preest (1988). Growth and water relations of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings under different weed regimes. Weed Sci., 36 653-662. 

Ortiz-Funez, A. (1989). Survival and growth of Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine during eight years of whiteleaf manzanita and herb competition in southwest Oregon. M.S. Thesis, Oregon State University, College of Forestry, 103 pp. 

Pabst, R.J., J.C. Tappeiner II, and M. Newton (1990). Varying densities of Pacific madrone sprout growth in productivity of Douglas-fir seedlings and understory vegetation. For. Ecol. Manage. 37 267-283. 

Roth, B.E. and M. Newton (1996). Role of lammas growth in recovery of Douglas-fir seedlings from deer browsing, as influenced by weed control, fertilization, and seed source. Can. J. For. Res., 26(6) 936-944. 

Factory Mutual Room Burn Out Test. This method involves the use of a special test room. The particular one referred to is located at Factory Mutual Laboratories, Norwood, Mass. It is 14 x 20 feet in area and 12 feet high, constructed of spruce studs and roof joists, with a floor of Douglas fir sheathing on spruce runners laid on a concrete floor underneath. The interior surfaces of walls and ceiling are covered with 1/4 inch soft asbestos board. Thermocouples are located so as to record temperatures in the corners and center of the room at both the ceiling and breathing levels. 

In later years as demand for timber products boomed with the population, the economic value of the virgin stands of deciduous and coniferous forests became the foundation of substantial fortunes. Commercial lumbering moved westward with the population until reaching the Pacific Coast with its tremendous stands of Douglas Fir, Redwood, and Pine. 

Eickner and Schaffer (10) found that monoammonium phosphate (Figure 2) was the most effective of different fire-retardant chemicals in reducing the flame-spread index of Douglas-fir plywood. They used the 8-foot tunnel furnace of ASTM E286 (37). 

Table II. Efficiency of Furfuryl Alcohol Resin Treatment of Douglas fir and Engelmann Spruce cross Sections Cured at 120°C in Aluminum Foil, the Antishrink Efficiency CASE) and the Relative Abrasion Resistance.

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