Of China

Department of Biology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China. 

The top five wheat producing countries are the former Soviet Union, the People s RepubHc of China, the United States, India, and Canada. Of these five countries, only the United States and Canada grow more wheat than they use and export to other countries. The other three nations are large wheat importers. Some of the top wheat customers of the United States have been China, India, the former Soviet Union, Japan, and Bra2il. 

Bilhons of metric tons of phosphate rock also are present offshore in the oceans, eg, best estimates are that a biUion tons of pellets that may contain about 30% P2 5 present in a Baja California—Mexico deposit alone. Other areas in the world that contain large, unevaluated amounts of phosphate include AustraUa, Alaska, Africa, the Near East, Pern, Colombia, Brazil, the People s RepubHc of China, MongoHa, and the former Soviet Union. 

Tae Kwang People s Repubhc of China dry-spun Acelan... 

Woddwide, the production capacity for polyester fiber is approximately 11 million tons about 55% of the capacity is staple. Annual production capacity iu the United States is approximately 1.2 million tons of staple and 0.4 million tons of filament. Capacity utilization values of about 85% for staple and about 93% for filament show a good balance of domestic production vs capacity (105). However, polyester has become a woddwide market with over half of the production capacity located iu the Asia/Pacific region (106). The top ranked PET fiber-produciug countries are as follows Taiwan, 16% United States, 15% People s RepubHc of China, 11% Korea, 9% and Japan, 7% (107—109). Woddwide, the top produciug companies of PET fibers are shown iu Table 3 (107-109). 

The People s RepubHc of China introduced Kuraray technology and started production of PVA fiber by a wet spinning process in 1965. Its annual capacity reached 165,000 tons in 1986 (9). The Democratic People s RepubHc of Korea produce PVA and reportedly have an annual production capacity of 50,000 tons (9). 

Boric acid/alkaU spinning has been commercialized in Kuraray Co. and Unitika Co. in Japan, and is reportedly under research and development also in the People s RepubHc of China as a process for producing high strength PVA fiber to be used for replacing asbestos (9). 

Kenaf and Roselle. These closely related bast fibers are derived from Hibiscus cannibinus and H sabdariffa (mallow family, Malvaceae), respectively. The fibers have other local names. Kenaf is grown for production in the People s Repubflc of China, Egypt, and regions of the former USSR roseUe is produced in India and Thailand. Plantation-grown kenaf is capable of growing from seedlings to 5 m at maturity in five months. It is reported to yield about 6—10 tons of dry matter per acre, nine times the yield of wood (13). 

Jibutilon theophrasti is a herbaceous annual plant produciag a jute-like fiber. The plant is native to the People s RepubHc of China and is commercially grown ia China and the former USSR. Because of its association with jute ia mixtures and export, it is also called China jute. The plant grows to a height of 3—6 m with a stem diameter of 6—16 mm. After harvesting by hand and defoHation, bundles of the stems are water retted and the fiber is extracted by methods similar to those for jute. The fiber is used for twiae and ropes. 

The ECLP tube press was originally developed for the filtration of china clay but has been used with many other slurries such as those in mining, Ti02, cement, sewage sludge, etc. The typical cycle time is about four minutes or more. 

A most significant development has been the bringing on line of mining capacity ia the People s Repubflc of China. China now produces more than 1 X 10 t/yr of fluorspar, making it the world s largest suppHer. Kenyan production has also increased substantially. 

Manufacturers of PTFE include Daikin Kogyo (Polyflon), Du Pont (Teflon), Hoechst (Hostaflon), ICI (Fluon), Ausimont (Algoflon and Halon), and the CIS (Fluoroplast). India and The People s RepubHc of China also manufacture some PTFE products. 

Mechanical properties are retained up to 200°C, even in continuous service, which is better than with most plastics. At high temperatures, these copolymers react with duorine, duorinating agents, and molten alkaU metals. They are commercially available under the Du Pont trademark Tedon FEP duorocarbon resin. A similar product is manufactured by Daikin Kogyo of Japan and sold under the trademark Neodon. The People s RepubHc of China also manufactures some FEP products. 

Urea Process. In a further modification of the fundamental Raschig process, urea (qv) can be used in place of ammonia as the nitrogen source (114—116). This process has been operated commercially. Its principal advantage is low investment because the equipment is relatively simple. For low production levels, this process could be the most economical one. With the rapid growth in hydrazine production and increasing plant size, the urea process has lost importance, although it is reportedly being used, for example, in the People s RepubHc of China (PRC). 

The uranium ore from Elliot Lake, Canada, contains yttrium and lanthanides (see Uranium and uranium compounds). In the Jiangxi province of the People s Repubhc of China a large reserve of a rare-earth-containing clay contains over 1,000,000 t of REO. This ore is characterized by having a low cerium content (<5%) but a high content in samarium, europium, terbium, and yttrium compared to the main base REO ores (Table 6). ... 

The wodd reserves of lead are estimated at 71 x 10 t and scattered around the wodd (1). Over one-third (25 x 10 t) of this total is located in North America where the United States has, in units of 10 t, 14 Canada, 7 Mexico, 3 and other sources, 1. South America has 2 Europe, 11 Africa, 4 and Austraha, 14 X 10 t. In Asia, the former Soviet Union has 9 and the People s RepubHc of China has 6 x 10 t. The recovery of lead from scrap is of prime importance in supplying U.S. demands so that the entire reserve base is estimated at 120 x 10 t. Total wodd resources are estimated at 1.4 x 10 t. 

The sizes of the reserves in the CIS and People s RepubHc of China are not known. Derived from information in Ref. 11. 

Economic Aspects. Dimethyl and diethyl malonates are produced as shown in Table 3. Total capacity is estimated to be about 12,000 t/yr. Furthermore, producers are also reported in the People s RepubHc of China and in Romania. In bulk shipments, both malonates are available at ca 6/kg (1993). 

China China Association for Standardization, PO Box 820, Beijing, People s RepubHc of China. 

Other Oil Shale Operations. As of this writing, commercial production of shale ok is stkl being conducted in the People s RepubHc of China and Estonia. However, production rates continue to dwindle owing to the avakabkity of conventional petroleum and other sources of energy as well as continued worldwide energy conservation. 

Commercial shale ok production in the People s RepubHc of China is stkl being carried out in Fushin and Maoming. However, production in both areas is declining because of continued emphasis on conventional petroleum and coal. Annual shale ok production in China is about... 

Lithopone [8006-32-4] an important white pigment, is produced mainly in the former Soviet Union, the C2ech RepubHc, and the People s RepubHc of China. In China, the nation s output for Hthopone peaked in 1990 at about 233,000 t. In 1992 it was only 168,000 t. About one-third of the Hthopone produced in China was exported. Annual worldwide production can be estimated to be under 250,000 t as of this writing (ca 1995) (18) (see Barium... 

Ultramarine blues are prepared by a high temperature reaction of intimate mixtures of china clay, sodium carbonate, sulfur, siHca, sodium sulfate, and a carbonaceous reducing agent, eg, charcoal, pitch, or rosin. 

Total U.S. production of potassium metal is less than 500 t/yr. There are few commercial producers worldwide, although some companies produce potassium captively. The more prominent producers are CaHery Chemical Company (a division of Mine Safety AppHances Company) in the United States and the People s RepubHc of China. Potassium may be manufactured in Russia as well. Strem Chemicals (U.S.) suppHes small quantities in ampuls. 

Gymene. Methyhsopropylben2ene [25155-15-1] can be produced over a number of different acid catalysts by alkylation of toluene with propylene (63—66). Although the demand for cymene is much lower than for cumene, one commercial plant was started up in 1987 at the Yan Shan Petrochemical Company in the People s RepubHc of China. The operation of this plant is based on SPA technology offered by UOP for cumene. The cymene is an intermediate for the production of y -cresol (3-methylphenol) [108-59-4]. 

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