Clay-containing film

Polyimide-clay nanocomposites constitute another example of the synthesis of nanocomposite from polymer solution [70-76]. Polyimide-clay nanocomposite films were produced via polymerization of 4,4 -diaminodiphenyl ether and pyromellitic dianhydride in dimethylacetamide (DMAC) solvent, followed by mixing of the poly(amic acid) solution with organoclay dispersed in DMAC. Synthetic mica and MMT produced primarily exfoliated nanocomposites, while saponite and hectorite led to only monolayer intercalation in the clay galleries [71]. Dramatic improvements in barrier properties, thermal stability, and modulus were observed for these nanocomposites. Polyimide-clay nanocomposites containing only a small fraction of clay exhibited a several-fold reduction in the... 

Rusling and coworkers also studied debromination and dechlorination of organohalidess by MPc in microemulsions - . Reductive dechlorination on clay surfactant films containing MPc complexes was better on CoPc compared to FePc, since the former remained intact in the film while the latter decomposed . The order of the catalytic activity was CoPoFePoZnPc. Co Pc species was implicated as an intermediate in the catalytic process. The high activity of CoPc was correlated with an inner sphere mechanism, while the low activity of ZnPc... 

The self-assembly of the 2 1 smectite-type clay containing thiol groups on Au was performed in a chloroform suspension of clay [91]. The formation of a monolayer or a partial double layer was demonstrated from the frequency change. In other studies on the clay-modified electrodes, the clay-precoated QCM was used to examine the swelling of the clay films, and the adsorption and redox of the metal complexes. 

Stable Foam. An oil and gas well drilling fluid foam that contains film-stabilizing additives, such as polymers or clays, and is pre-formed at the surface. See also Air Drilling Fluid, Foam Drilling Fluid, Stiff Foam. 

Nylon MXD6, PP Exfoliated clay Barrier Beverage containers, film Imperm Nanocor... 

The LOI results for polyainide-6,6 films in the absence and presence of nanoclays are shown in Figure 11.5 for Cloisite SOB compared with clay-free and previously reported conunercial clay-containing polyamide-6,6 films. Because the clay modifies burning behavior in a way that appeared to be canceled when flame retardant was added, LOI values for 0% flame retardant... 

Zhuk, A., Mirza, R., Sukhishvili, S. Multiresponsive clay-containing layer-by-layer films. ACS Nano 5, 8790-8799 (2011)... 

C-21 dicarboxyhc acids are produced by Westvaco Corporation in Charleston, South Carolina in multimillion kg quantities. The process involves reaction of tall oil fatty acids (TOFA) (containing about 50% oleic acid and 50% hnoleic acid) with acryhc acid [79-10-7] and iodine at 220—250°C for about 2 hours (90). A yield of C-21 as high as 42% was reported. The function of the iodine is apparendy to conjugate the double bond in linoleic acid, after which the acryhc acid adds via a Diels-Alder type reaction to form the cycHc reaction product. Other catalysts have been described and include clay (91), palladium, and sulfur dioxide (92). After the reaction is complete, the unreacted oleic acid is removed by distillation, and the cmde C-21 diacid can be further purified by thin film distillation or molecular distillation. 

Various forms of macro- and microelements differ in their ability to migrate and redistribute among the soil profile. The elements contained in clastic minerals are practically immobile. The elements, bound to finely dispersed clay minerals, are either co-transported with clay particles, or are involved in sorption-desorption processes. Part of the elements are found in concretions and also in very thin coating films of hydrated iron oxides some elements make a part of specially edaphic organic compounds. 

Many compounds, including clay minerals, form needle- or plateshaped crystals. With finely dispersed minerals, the electron diffraction method can give a special kind of diffraction pattern, the texture pattern, which contains a two dimensional distribution of a regularly arranged set of 3D reflections [2], Specimens of fine-grained lamellar or fiber minerals, prepared by sedimentation from suspensions onto supporting surfaces or films, form textures in which the component microcrystals have a preferred orientation. Texture patterns of lamellar crystals tilted with respect to the electron beam are called oblique texture electron diffraction patterns [1]. 

The applications of colloid solutions are not restricted to paints and clay. They are also to be found in inks, mineral suspensions, pulp and paper making, pharmaceuticals, cosmetic preparations, photographic films, foams, soaps, micelles, polymer solutions and in many biological systems, for example within the cell. Many food products can be considered colloidal systems. For example, milk is an interesting mixture containing over 100 proteins, mainly large casein and whey proteins [6,7]. 

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