Oestrogens deficiency

PRINCE R L and DICK I (1997) Oestrogen effects on calcium membrane transport a new view of the inter-relationship between oestrogen deficiency and age-related osteoporosis. Osteoporosis Int 7, S150-S154. 

Quinestrol Synthetic oestrogen, with prolonged duration of action Oestrogen deficiency... 

It can occur in the presence of particular hormonal disorders and chronic diseases, or as a result of medications, specifically glucocorticoids (steroid- or glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis). A major risk factor for osteoporosis in both men and women is advanced age. In females, oestrogen deficiency following menopause is correlated with a rapid reduction in BMD, while in men a decrease in testosterone has a comparable (bnt less pronounced) effect. European or Asian ancestry predisposes for osteoporosis. 

Osteoporosis is also common in those on long-term corticosteroid therapy (for example patients with autoimmune hepatitis or coexisting inflammatory bowel disease). Patients with chronic liver disease may also have other risk factors for osteoporosis related to their disease state. These include vitamin D deficiency, excessive alcohol consumption, poor diet, physical inactivity and low body mass index. Oestrogen deficiency in the postmenopausal stage further increases the risk. 

To prevent the long-term complications associated with oestrogen deficiency osteoporotic fractures (see Chapter 38) and coronary heart disease... 

Oestrogen deficiency in postmenopausal women. This leads to thinning of the endometrial tissue with increased susceptibility to irritation and trauma and cystitis-like symptoms. It can be corrected by hormone replacement or topical oestrogen therapy. Vaginal lubricants can be used if symptoms are caused by intercourse. Honeymoon cystitis may occur in younger women as a consequence of increased sexual activity. 

Apart from the increasing need of repair of the ambulatory knee-hip kinematic, an additional serious problem exists osteoporosis. Increasingly, loss of bone substance occurring in elderly people, preferably women, leads to embrittlement with the associated risk of fracture. Among reasons related to complex and not yet fully understood endocrine oestrogen deficiency in women, as well as metabolic, myelogenic and hereditary causes this is to some extent due to lack of calcium possibly related to nutrition too rich in red meat, wheat and modified dairy products that are suspected to produce an acidic environment in the body. Hence, calcium ions taken from the bone substance by osteoclastic resorption are being used to keep... 

Oestrogen deficiency dyspareunia, depression of oestrogen sensitive tissues. 

Oestradiol-17 and estrone are metabolized by hepatic microsomes to a mixture of polar metabolites most of which are hydroxylated (2-, 18-, 16 a-, 16i3-posi-tions) and the rate of the conversion is increased by repeated administration of chlordane or phenobarbital to female rats. Accordingly, the increases in uterine weight caused by the administration of physiological doses of oestradiol-17 P or estrone to immature female rats are abolished by pretreatment with phenobarbital, chlordane, chlorcyclizine, phenylbutazone or DDT. These results appear to confirm older observations that chronic exposure of female animals to chlordane or DDT produces alterations in the estrus cycle and in ovarian and vaginal cytology which are associated with oestrogen deficiency. 

Plasma-derived antithrombin concentrates have been used medically since the 1980s for the treatment of hereditary and acquired antithrombin deficiency. Hereditary (genetic) deficiency is characterized by the presence of little/no native antithrombin activity in plasma and results in an increased risk of inappropriate blood clot/emboli formation. Acquired antithrombin deficiency can be induced by drugs (e.g. heparin and oestrogens), liver disease (decreased antithrombin... 

A deficiency of liver function reduces metabolism of steroid hormones so that the blood concentration of oestrogens in men is increased. 

The clinical problems that arise in the menopause are hot flushes, sweating, depression, decreased libido, increased risk of cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. The latter results in increased incidence of hip, radial and vertebral fractures. Oestrogen is one factor controlling synthesis of active vitamin D and osteoporosis is in part due to a deficiency of vitamin D. Not surprisingly, to reduce these problems, administration of oestrogen is recommended (known as hormone replacement therapy or HRT). HRT reduces some of the risk factors for coronary artery disease since it reduces blood pressure and decreases the blood level of LDL-cholesterol and increases that of HDL-cholesterol. However, there is considerable debate about whether HRT increases the risk of breast or endometrial cancer. 

Ethinyloestradiol Synthetic oestrogen Used for oestrogen replacement therapy in deficient states, both pre- and postmenopausal. Treatment of prostate cancer (male), breast cancer (post-menopausal women). Component of many oral contraceptives... 

Elevation of serum copper is found in cholestasis, obstructive jaundice, primary biliary cholangitis, malignant tumours, kwashiorkor, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, during the last trimenon of pregnancy and after administration of oestrogens. A decrease in serum copper is typical of Wilson s disease. In some rare cases, it is caused by familial benign hypocupraemia and nutritional deficiency in neonates. 

Benzedrine amphetamine, benzestrol benzestrol [ban, inn] is a synthetic nonsteroid OESTROGEN and analogue of stilboestroi. It has been used therapeutically to make up hormonal deficiencies, for Instance, in HRT. 

CLOZAPINE, HALOPERIDOL, OLANZAPINE CNS STIMULANTS-MODAEINIL May cause X plasma concentrations of these substrates if CYPl A2 is the predominant metabolic pathway and alternative metabolic pathways are either genetically deficient or affected Modafinil is a moderate inducer of CYPl A2 in a concentration-dependent manner Be aware. Patients who are using oestrogen-containing contraceptives should be warned to use alternative forms of contraception during and for at least 1 month after cessation of modafinil... 

R16. Rose, D. P., Strong, R., Adams, P. W., and Harding, P. E., Experimental vitamin Ba deficiency and the effect of oestrogen-containing oral contraceptives on tryptophan metabolism and vitamin Ba requirements. Clin. Sci. 42, 465-477 (1972). 

Kynureninase is a pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin Bg)-dependent enzyme, and its activity is extremely sensitive to vitamin depletion. Indeed, the ability to metabolize a test dose of tryptophan has been used to assess vitamin B nutritional status (section 11.9.5.1). Deficiency of vitamin B will lead to severe impairment of NAD synthesis from tryptophan. Kynureninase is also inhibited by oestrogen metabolites. 

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