Ochratoxin A and

Czerwiecki L, Czajkowska D and Witkowska-Gwiazdowska A (2002a), On ochratoxin A and fungal flora in Polish cereals from conventional and ecological farms. Part 2 Occurrence of ochratoxin A and fungi in cereals in 1998 , Food Addit. Contam., 19, 1051-1057. 

Gareis M (1999b), Occurrence of the mycotoxins ochratoxin A and B in German malting barley and from manufactured malt , Archiv fur Lebensmittelhygiene, 50, 83-87. 

Hokby E, Hult K, Gatenbeck S and Rutqvist L (1979), Ochratoxin A and citrinin in 1976 crop of barley stored on farms in Sweden , Acta Agricu. Scand., 29, 174-178. 

Wafa H, Abid-Essafi S, Abdellatif A, Noureddine G, Abdelfettah Z, Farielle E, Creppy E E and Hassen B (2004), Karyomegaly of tubular kidney cells in human chronic interstitial nephropathy in Tunisia respective role of Ochratoxin A and possible genetic predisposition , Human Experimen. Toxicol., 23, 339-346. 

Contamination of crops and products with ochratoxin A and related metabolites is not as directly associated with a particular fungus as is the case with the aflatoxins. Ochratoxin A is also likely to occur with other mycotoxins, such as citrinin and penicillic acid or patulin. In addition, it is not certain whether ochratoxin A contamination is only a storage problem or perhaps a dual field and storage problem. In cases such as coffee crops, the use of insecticides might help to control insect activity and consequently fungal infection. Coffee-berry borers are a major insect pest which can act as vectors to carry fungal spores, resulting in crop infection and ochratoxin accumulation. 

Vrabcheva, T., Usleber, E., Dietrich, R., and Martlbauer, E. (2000). Co-occurrence of ochratoxin A and citrinin in cereals from Bulgarian villages with a history of Balkan endemic nephropathy. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48, 2483-2488. 

High-performance LC is by far the most studied technique, and it is used whenever possible for aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone, especially in view of the improved rapidity attributable to the use of immunoaffinity in the cleanup step. 

Ammonia derivative formation The derivatization is carried out using a 10% ammonia solution mixed with the column effluent (64). The main advantages are an increase in sensitivity (1.7 times the signal of the underivatized ochratoxin A), and the availability of a confirmation test for ochratoxin A, as a consequence of this change of sensitivity. A second HPLC pump, similar to that described in Fig. 2 for aflatoxins, and a reaction coil of 10 cm are necessary. Conditions are as follows 0.5 ml/min as flow rate, room temperature, excitation wavelength of 370 nm, and emission wavelength... 

T Petkova-Bocharova, M Castegnaro, J Michelon, V Mara. Ochratoxin A and other mycotoxins in cereals from an area of Balkan endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumors in Bulgaria. In M Castegnaro, R Plestina, G Dirheimer, IN Chernozemskj, H Bartsch, eds. Mycotoxins, Endemic Nephropathy and Urinary Tract Tumors. Lyon IARC Scientific Publications, 1991, pp 83-87. 

S Uchiyama, Y Saito, M Uchiyama. Protein-binding of ochratoxin A and its extractability from pro-teinous food. J Food Hygene Soc Japan 26 651-657, 1985. 

V Seidel, E Poglits, K Schiller, W Lindner. Simultaneous determination of ochratoxin A and zearalenone in maize by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and/8-cyclodextrin as mobile phase additive. J Chrom 635 227-235,1993. 

Khoury AE1, Rizk T, Lteif R, Azouri H, Delia M-L, Lebrihi A (2006) Occurrence of Ochratoxin A- and Aflatoxin B1-Producing Fungi in Lebanese Grapes and Ochratoxin A Content in Musts and Finished Wines during 2004. J Agric Food Chem 54 8977... 

Vrabcheva T, Usleber E, Dietrich R, Martlbauer E (2000) Co-occurrence of Ochratoxin A and Citrinin in Cereals from Bulgarian Villages with a History of Balkan Endemic Nephropathy. J Agric Food Chem 48 2483... 

Rapid detection of organophosphates, Ochratoxin A, and Fusarium sp. in durum wheat via screen printed based electrochemical sensors... 

For zinc, copper and iron, the 31st CCFAC in 1999 recommended that the relevant Commodity Committees take appropriate steps to remove the provisions concerning zinc, copper and iron from the contaminant section of all commodity standards. These provisions should be considered as quality parameters and can be included in the standards as such.13 Moreover, there are draft standards for the mycotoxins aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and patulin, and Position Papers are becoming available for fumonisins and zearalenone. 

For fumonisins, the USA presented a Position Paper to the 32nd CCFAC in 2000.17 This paper was finalised in the 33rd CCFAC, and fumonisins as well as ochratoxin A and other mycotoxins were evaluated by JECFA in February 2001. 

The question of maximum levels for ochratoxin A and patulin in certain foods has been under discussion for some time and a decision is expected soon. 

OAT4 is expressed in the kidney and placenta (155), and in the kidney, unlike other human isoforms, it is expressed on the brush border membrane of the proximal tubules (156). It accepts sulfate conjugates, ochratoxin A, and PAH, although the transport activity of PAH is quite low (155). As in the case of... 

A number of emerging methods such as fluorescence polarization immunoassays, dipsticks, or even newer methods such as biosensors have been used for rapid screening of mycotoxin (ochratoxin A and Fusarium toxins—funionisms (FBs), moniliformin (MON), zearalenone (ZON), and type-A and -B trichothecenes in foods, fodders, blood, urea, and tissues of pigs after slaughter) (Curtui et al. 2001 Krska et al., 2007). 

Curtui, V.G., Gareis, M., Usleber, E., and Artlbauer, E.M. 2001. Survey of Romanian slaughtered pigs for the occurrence of mycotoxins ochratoxins A and B, and zearalenone. Food Addit Contaminants. Part A. 18(8) 730-738. 

The mycotoxins with the greatest potential risk to human and animal health as food and feed contaminants are AFs, trichothecenes, fiimonisins, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, and ergot alkaloids.109 Other mycotoxins such as cyclopiazonic acid, sterigmatocystin, gliotoxin, citrinin, penitrems, patulin, fusarin C, penicillic acid, and PR... 

Figure 11 Structures of ochratoxin A and C8-ochratoxin A-deoxyguanosine adduct (a) and biosynthesis of ochratoxin A (b).

Hoehler D, Marquardt RR Influence of vitamins E and C on the toxic effects of ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin in chicks. Poultry Sci 1996 75 1508-1515. 

Perrone, G., Nicoletti, 1., Pascale, M., De Rossi, A., De Girolamo, A., Visconti, A. (2007). Positive correlation between high levels of ochratoxin A and resveratrol-related compounds in red wines. J. Agric. Food Chem., 55, 6807-6812. 

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