Mycotoxins ochratoxin

Gareis M (1999b), Occurrence of the mycotoxins ochratoxin A and B in German malting barley and from manufactured malt , Archiv fur Lebensmittelhygiene, 50, 83-87. 

WHO (1990), Selected mycotoxins ochratoxins, trichothecenes, ergot , Environ, Health Criteria 105, Geneva, Switzerland, WHO, 1-163. 

This NRL sensor was used for fhe rapid detection of Campylobacter jejuni and small toxins, including several mycotoxins [ochratoxin A, fumonisin B, aflafoxin Bi, and deoxynivalenol (DON)] from food pro-ducfs (Ngundi et ah, 2005, 2006 Sapsford et ah, 2006). They used a sandwich immunoassay formaf fo detect C. jejuni in milk and yogurt and a competitive immunoassay format to detect the mycotoxins. 

WHO. Selected Mycotoxins Ochratoxins, Trichothecenes, Ergot (Environmental Health Criteria 105). Geneva, 1990. 

The mycotoxin ochratoxin A (AAA) (7), which is a possible human carcinogen, continues to receive extensive attention due to its presence in a myriad of foods and beverages (1520, 1521) and its well-established toxicity (teratogenicity, mutagenicity, immunotoxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity) (1522-1524). Major sources of ochratoxin A are grapes, must, and wine (1525-1533), cereals (1534), beer (1535,1536), dried fruit (1537), roasted coffee (1538), and cocoa products and chocolate (1539). 

A number of emerging methods such as fluorescence polarization immunoassays, dipsticks, or even newer methods such as biosensors have been used for rapid screening of mycotoxin (ochratoxin A and Fusarium toxins—funionisms (FBs), moniliformin (MON), zearalenone (ZON), and type-A and -B trichothecenes in foods, fodders, blood, urea, and tissues of pigs after slaughter) (Curtui et al. 2001 Krska et al., 2007). 

Curtui, V.G., Gareis, M., Usleber, E., and Artlbauer, E.M. 2001. Survey of Romanian slaughtered pigs for the occurrence of mycotoxins ochratoxins A and B, and zearalenone. Food Addit Contaminants. Part A. 18(8) 730-738. 

Kuiper-Goodman T, Scott PM Risk assessment of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A. Biomed Environ Sci 1989 2 179-248. 

M. K. Matossian, Poisons of the Past Molds, Epidemics and History, New Haven, Conn., Yale University Press, 1989 Selected mycotoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, ergot . 

Matossian, Poisons of the Past Selected mycotoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, ergot . 

Hassen W, Ayed-Boussema i, Bouslimi A, Bacha H. Heat shock protein (Hsp 70) response is not systematic to cell stress case of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A.Toxicology 2007. 

Balkan nephropathy is non-destructive and noninflammatory tubulointerstitial renal disease [69]. The changes are non-specific and in the chronic, sclerotic phase they may be quite similar to changes observed in other chronic interstitial diseases such as analgesic nephropathy [70], vascular nephrosclerosis [69] cyclosporine-induced nephropathy [71], radiation nephritis [72,73] and aging [72], intoxication with silicate, cadmium, lead, uranium [74], mycotoxin ochratoxin... 

Maaroufi K, Achour A, Betbeder AM et al. Foodstuffs and human blood contamination by the mycotoxin ochratoxin A correlation with chronic interstitial nephropathy in Tunisia. Arch.Toxicol. 1995 69 552-8. 

International Agency for Research on Cancer 1993. Summaries and evaluations. Ochratoxin A (Group 2B). http //www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/vol56/13-ochra.html October 17, 2004. International, Programme on Chemical, Safety 1990. Selected mycotoxins Ochratoxins, trichothe-cenes, ergot, http //www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehcl05.htm March 5, 2004. 

Baggiani, C. Girauldi, G. Vanni, A., A molecular imprinted polymer with recognition properties towards the carcinogenic mycotoxin ochratoxin A, Bioseperation. 2001,10, 389-394... 

In a comparison experiment, the possibility that vitamin C and P-carotene could affect PhIP-DNA adduct formation has been examined. Previous reports have already demonstrated the protective role of vitamin C in certain types of cancer and low intake of foods rich in vitamin C is associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer [100]. Vitamin C prevents DNA adduct formation in mice treated with the mycotoxins ochratoxin A and zearalenone [101]. Wu et al. [102] reported that vitamin C inhibited aiylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity in human bladder tumor cells. This is one possible mechanism by which vitamin C can attenuate the formation of DNA adducts. It... 

Grosse Y, Chekir-Ghedira L, Hue A, Obrecht-Pflumio S, Dirheimer G, Bacha H, Pfohl-Leszkowicz A. Retinol, ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol prevent DNA adduct formation in mice treated with the mycotoxins ochratoxin A and zearalenone. Cancer Lett 1997 114 225-229. 

Induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis in primary human urothelial cells by the mycotoxin ochratoxin A. Toxicol. Sci. 53, 271-277. 

Flieger, A., Dorrenhaus, A., Golka, K., Schulze, H. Fdllman, W. (1998) Genotoxic effect of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A in cultured human urothelial cells. Occup. Hyg. 4, 297-307. 

Follmann, W. Lucas, S. (2003) Effects of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A in a bacterial and a mammalian in vitro mutagenicity test system. Arch. Toxicol. Tl, 298-304. 

Gross-Steinmeyer, K., Weymann, J., Hege, H.G. Metzler, M. (2002) Metabolism and lack of DNA reactivity of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A in cultured rat and human primary hepatocytes. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50, 938-945. 

Sava, V Velasquez, A., Song, S. Sanchez-Ramos, J. (2007) Adult hippocampal neural stem-progenitor cells in vitro are vulnerable to the mycotoxin ochratoxin A. Toxicol. Scl. 98, 187-197. 

Zepnik, H., Volkel, W. Dekant, W. (2003) Toxicokinetics of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A in F 344 rats after oral administration. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 192, 36-44. 

Zurich, M.G., Lengacher, S., Braissant, 0., Monnet-Tschudi, F., Pellerin, L. Honegger, P. (2005) Unusual astrocyte reactivity caused by the food mycotoxin ochratoxin A in aggregating rat brain cell cultures. Neuroscience 134, 771-782. 

Aqay et al. (2011) have described a method based on nano-LC-quadrupole time-of-flight-MS (nano-LC-QTOF-MS) for the screening of ochratoxins in wheat and cereal samples. The mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) and cross-reacting mycotoxin analogues were analyzed in these samples after extraction using a novel direct inhibition flow cytometric immunoassay with superparamagnetic microbeads coated with monoclonal antibodies. The limit of detection (LOD) for OTA was 0.15 ng g", below the lowest... 

De Jesus, A.E., P.S. Steyn, R. Vleggar, and P.L. Wessels Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Assignments and Biosynthesis of the Mycotoxin Ochratoxin A.J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I 1980, 52. 

Scott, P.M., W. van Walbeek, J. Harwig, and D.I. Fennell Occurrence of a Mycotoxin, Ochratoxin A, in Wheat and Isolation of Ochratoxin A and Citrinin Producing Strains of Penicillium viridicatum. Canad. J. Plant Sci. 50, 583 (1970). Sedmera, P., j. Volc, j. Weijer, J. Vokoun, and V. Musilek Xanthomegnin and Viomellein Derivatives from Submerged Cultures of the Ascomycete Nannizzia caje-tani. Collect. Czech. Chem. Comm. 46, 1210 (1981). 

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