Oceanic salts

Iodine is essential in the mammalian diet to produce the thyroid hormone thyroxine deficiency in humans causes goitre. Collectively, deficiencies of iodine, iron, zinc and vitamin A in humans are thought to be at least as widespread and debilitating as calorie deficiencies (Welch and Graham, 1999). The main source of iodine in soils is oceanic salts rather than parent rock, and so deficiency is most widespread in areas remote from the sea (Fuge, 1996). In principle deficiency is easily corrected with dairy supplements. However in practice this is not always feasible. Addition of iodate to irrigation water has successfully corrected widespread iodine deficiency in parts of China where the usual methods of supplementation had failed (Cao et al., 1994 Jiang et al 1997). However there is not much information on the behaviour of iodine in soil and water systems. 

POLYHALITE. Polyhalite, K Ca, MgfSO - 2H 0 is a late evaporate mineral associated with halite, sylvite and carnallite from the famous oceanic salt deposits at Stassfurt, Germany. and near Carlsbad, New Mexico. It is of triclinic crystallization, with color grading from gray to brick-red hardness, 3-3,5 specific gravity 2.78 translucent with vitreous luster very biller Uste. It is a source uf potassium. 

Based on total river discharge of 3.74 x 10lb L y1 and corrected for oceanic salts and pollution... 

Eremenko, N. A., Pankina, R. G. On the evolution of ocean salt composition on the basis of the 32S/34S ratio in sulphate sulphur. 24th Intern. Geol. Congr., Montreal, Sect. 10, Geochemistry, pp. 291-295 (1972). 

The anhydrous sulphate is a constituent of oceanic salt deposits, and is called thenardite. An isomorphous mixture with potassium sulphate is known as glaserite a double salt with magnesium sulphate as astrakanite, and with calcium sulphate as glauberite. 

There is tremendous geographic variability in the spatial orientation and connections of salt marshes within estuaries and of estuaries with adjacent uplands and the ocean (Fig. 22.1). This paper focuses on the salt marsh ecosystem and associated tidal creeks and not the larger estuarine ecosystem, which may include deeper and extensive bays and sounds. However, it should be recognized that some marshes, especially those that do not have freshwater inputs from rivers, have no true open estuarine area and directly exchange with the ocean. Salt marshes are linked to adjacent terrestrial environments through water and material inputs from rivers, groundwater and precipitation. In cases where the majority of these inputs first pass though the open... 

Fig. 9. The sulfur cycle as deduced from approximate radiolysis yields. Sulfur can enter the system by implantation from lo, possibly gases from beneath the surface as at lo, Or as an ocean salt exposed to the surface. Radiation chemistry is fast, so the species are cycled through the various sulfur forms shown here. The relative amounts agree with the fits in Ref. 7.

Figure 22-1 Major natural sources of the elements. The soluble halide salts are found in oceans, salt lakes, brine wells, and solid deposits. Most helium is obtained from wells in the United States and Russia. Most of the other noble gases are obtained from air.

Even though it s possible to make sodium chloride from its elements, salt is so abundant on Earth that it is used to manufacture the elements sodium and chlorine. Sodium chloride occurs naturally in large, solid, underground deposits throughout the world and is dissolved in the world s oceans. Salt can be obtained by mining these solid deposits. 

Bruyevich, S. V., and E. Z. Kulik (1967). Chemical interaction between atmosphere and the ocean (salt exchange). Oceanology (Engl. Transl) 7, 279-293. 

Adult Fish Water 90 mg/L sodium bicarbonate (Sigma or Aquatic Ecosystems), 50 mg/L Instant Ocean Salt (Aquatic Ecosystems), 10 mg/L calcium sulfate. Due to differences in local water sources, these parameters should be used as a guideline in particular, the amount of Sodium Bicarbonate may vary and should be added at a concentration that yields a pH of around 7.5. 

Hodgkiess et al [78] exposed glass fibre reinforced laminates to (i) distilled water, (ii) simulated sea water ( Ocean Salt 3.3% total dissolved solids) (iii) simulated spray/sunlight conditions in the laboratory and (iv) to tidal effects and permanent immersion in the lower Clyde estuary (55°45 N 4°55 W), where the sea water temperature was 6-12°C over the period of testing. The materials tested, which were exposed for up to 18 months with all sides and edges coated in the same resin, were ... 

Water is a natural resource that, within limitations, is continuously renewed. The water cycle offers a number of opportunities for nature to purify its water. The worldwide distillation process results in rainwater containing only traces of nonvolatile impurities, along with gases dissolved from the air. Crystallization of ice from ocean salt water results in relatively pure water in the form of icebergs. 

In a binary electrolyte solution such as this one, terms containing A, 0, or tf/ are zero, since these involve interactions with two dissimilar anions or cations. In most such cases, the parameter is unnecessary, because it is invoked to account for exceptionally strong ion-ion interactions. In fact, Pitzer shows that should approach -K/2 in the limit of infinite dilution, where K is the association constant for the ion-pair. The work of Harvie and Weare (1980), Eugster, Harvie and Weare (1980), and Harvie, Eugster and Weare (1982), who modeled solubility equilibria in the multicomponent oceanic salt system is considered a milestone in the application of the Pitzer equations, and the set of parameters in Harvie, Mller and Weare (1984) is considered a sort of standard for modeling of seawater evaporitic systems. 

Voight, W., 2001, Solubility equUibra in multicomponent oceanic salt systems from t = 200 to 200°C. Model parameterization and databases. Pure Appl. Chem., v. 73, pp. 831-844. 

Salts are very abundant in nature. Most of the rocks and minerals of Earth s mantle are salts of one kind or another. Huge quantities of dissolved salts also exist in the oceans. Salts can be considered compounds derived from acids and bases. They consist of positive metal or ammonium ions combined with negative nonmetal ions (OH and 0 excluded). The positive ion is the base counterpart, and the nonmetal ion is the acid counterpart ... 

Worldwide everybody desires pure drinking water. Pure water is obtainable and literally all around us if we want to convert the ocean waters with their dissolved salts. Areas such as the Middle East, where fresh water is very scarce, ocean salt water has been filtered by different techniques for the past many decades. PVC and/or RP piping is used to direct the flow of the salt and filter water. 

Note the similarity of the above formula to the ideal gas law and also that osmotic pressure is not dependent on particle charge. This equation was derived by van t Hoff Osmotic pressure is the basis of reverse osmosis, a process commonly used to purify water. The water to be purified is placed in a chamber and put under an amount of pressure greater than the osmotic pressure exerted by the water and the solutes dissolved in it. Part of the chamber opens to a differentially permeable membrane that lets water molecules through, but not the solute particles. The osmotic pressure of ocean water is about 27 atm. Reverse osmosis desalinators use pressures around 50 atm to produce fresh water from ocean salt water. 

Our studies utilize granular chitin (lOg/L) from Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO in laboratory aquaria containing either sterilized Galveston Bay water, or "Instant Ocean" salt water at salinities of 5-15 o/oo and at temperatures of 23°C( 2 ). Vj cholerae strains were cultured in trypticase soy broth (Difco) for 24 hours and each aquarium was inoculated with 2 ml of the broth culture. Samples were taken and serial dilution cultures made at two day intervals after daily samples for the first 8 days. Representative results of counts with and without sediment in microcosms, in the absence of added chitin are presented in Figures 3 and 4. Preliminary testing to date does not permit complete analysis, but indicates that chitin extends the recoverability of cholerae with or without sediment. 

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