Salinity changing

Manheim FX, Pauli, CK (1981) Patterns of ground water salinity changes in a deep continental-oceanic transect off the southeastern Atlantic coast of the U.S.A. J Hydrol 54 95-105 Martin P, Akber RA (1999) Radium isotopes as indicators of adsorption-desorption interactions and barite formation in groundwater. J Environ Radioact 46 271-286 McCarthy J, Shevenell L (1998) Obtaining representative ground water samples in a fractured and karstic formation. Ground Water 36 251-260... 

Toole J, Baxter MS, Thomson J (1987) The behavior of uranium isotopes with salinity change in three UK estuaries. Est Coast Shelf Sci 25 283-297... 

Toole J, Baxter M S and Thomson J (1987) The behavior of uranium isotopes with salinity change in three U.K. Estuaries. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci. 25 283-297 Torgersen T, Turekian KK, Turekian VC, Tanaka N, DeAngelo E, O Donnell JO (1996) " Ra distribution in surface and deep water of Long Island Sound Sources and horizontal transport rates. Cont Shelf Res 16 1545-1559... 

Nugegoda, D. and P.S. Rainbow. 1989a. Effects of salinity changes on zinc uptake and regulation by the decapod crustaceans Palaemon elegans and Palaemonetes varians. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 51 57-75. 

Osmolyte A neutral solute that reacts minimally with the contents of the ceU. It serves to protect cells from drying out and/or in responding to salinity changes. 

The Great Salt Lake can be considered as a complete mix reactor for this problem. This is a valid assumption because the time scale of the salinity changes that lead to a salty lake is on the order of tens of thousands of years. 

The mobilized hydrocarbons, which move within the energy fields to which the formation water is subjected, may be unloaded by a variety of mechanisms, many of which are influenced by the water movement itself. For example, osmotic membrane effects result in salinity changes in the formation waters, which in turn can cause unloading of the hydrocarbons. The movement of formation water past bedded salt or anhydrite results in solution of the salt or anhydrite, increased salinity of the formation water and possible changes in the capacity of the formation water to accommodate hydrocarbons. Many similar situations can be visualized but because of the economic importance of studies of the unloading mechanism, no published reports are available. 

Saxby (240) has recently reviewed the entire field of metal-organic reactions in the geochemical cycle. The close relation of some oil fields and sedimentary ore deposits implies an intimate association of organic and inorganic components in formation waters. We have already discussed the effect of such broad relations as the association of salinity changes with hydrocarbon unloading. More subtle associations exist,... 

Chemitsky, A.G., Gambaryan, S.P., Karpenko, L.A., Lavrova, E.A. and Shkurko, D.S. (1993). The effect of abrupt salinity changes on blood and muscle electrolyte content in the smolts of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 104 A, 551-554. 

Mancera, J.M., Perez-Figares, J.M. and Femandez-Llebrez, P. (1993). Osmoregulatory responses to abrupt salinity changes in the euryhaline sea bream (Sparus aurata L.). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 106A, 245-250. 

Other than salinity changes, the major process altering the chemistry of the northern Great Bahama Bank waters is CaC03 production. Because changes in salinity will modify calcium concentrations and alkalinity, it is necessary to... 

Osmolyte neutral solute in cells used in response to salinity changes. 

The eastern part of Taganrog Bay, where the salinity changes within the range of 0.5-4 psu, is inhabited by the freshwater and brackish-water Clado-cera and Copepoda. Rotifers are represented by mass amounts of the armored rotifers Brachionus plicatilus, Keratella curdata, Asplanchna, which dwell in fresh and brackish waters. 

In the central part of the bay, the salinity changes within the limits 3-7 psu. Here, the composition of plankton features a mixed character. Along with brackish-water and freshwater forms, marine forms are also encountered. 

The range of the horizontal differences in the temperature and salinity of the Black Sea waters decreases with depth. In the deep layer below a depth of 100 m, it becomes close to the observation accuracy of the T,S characteristics. In particular, the amplitude of the salinity changes at a depth of 1500 m comprises 0.035 psu (Fig. 1 If). This is manifested in the extremely mosaic character of the fields in Fig. 11 dominated by minor details that can hardly be interpreted. With further accumulation of more accurate measurements with CTD probes, one may expect certain progress in the studies of the regularities of the T,S structure of the deep Black Sea waters. 

There is little doubt that an increase in salinity will result in an increase of the equilibrium concentration of intracellular DMSP, but an active up- or down regulation of its concentration upon short-term salinity changes (minutes to hours) has not been observed (reviewed by Stefels 2000). Indeed, phytoplankton from high-salinity environments such as... 

Karsten, U., Wiencke, C., and Kirst, G. O. (1991). The effect of salinity changes upon the physiology of euhttoral green macroalgae from Antarctica and southern Chile II. Intracellular inorganic ions and organic compoimds.J. Exp. Bot. 42, 1533—1540. 

Rosenthal et al., 2003). A paleosalinity proxy has always been a difficult prospect, but it appears now that comparison of extracted O-water will make it possible to reconstruct patterns of salinity change in the past (Lea, 2002). Such reconstructions will be invaluable in understanding paleo-climate shifts in the tropics. 

Temperature and salinity changes have smaller effects on solubility of natural gas in water than that produced by pressure changes. A solubility study by Price (as quoted by Price, 1976) indicated that the presence of gas in solution greatly increases the solubility of crude oil in pure water at temperatures above 250 C to 300 C. 

This explanation for the surface salinity differences between the Atlantic and Pacific does not provide the whole story because it overlooks the need to budget atmospheric water transport on a global basis. In fact, the only way to cause a net salinity change in an ocean due to evaporation is via net transport of water vapor to another region on a time scale that is short with respect to the residence time (decades to centuries) of the surface water in question. Simply removing water from an ocean to the atmosphere or to an adjacent landmass is insufficient if that same water rapidly returns to the source ocean. To create a salinity difference between oceans. 

Distribution of spawning habitat, local effluent outfalls, shading by piers, salinity changes, local harvesting... 

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