Observation radial

The above equations have been solved to predict the commonly observed radial and line-origin textures seen in circular and non-circular mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers [39]. 

The radial dependence of the fluorescence-quenching interaction between terbium, holmium, and neodymium in aqueous chloride solution was examined by Holloway and Kestigian (108a). From the concentration dependencies of the fluorescence lifetimes, they concluded that the probability for quenching interaction falls off as 1/r6, where r is the average spacing between the ions. If the mechanism of resonance transfer is assumed, the observed radial dependence implies a dipole-dipole interaction. 

AES based on the ICP as photon source is a well established and well understood routine method [8,91. The photons may be observed radially as the standard set-up or axially as more sensitive... 

Figure 19b presents the observed radial distribution of valence electrons around the Cr atom in the crystals of u-K2Cr04. As shown in the... 

Effect of Tube Diameter. For 1" tubes,the radial profiles of activity are parabola -like functions with minimum value at the center of the tube. For tubes with higher values of the diameter, e.g., 2" tubes, the picture can be rather different. High radial temperature gradients result also in large gradients of benzene and poison. For a deactivation process with high E, a minimum on the activity profile can occur between the reactor axis and wall, see Figure 8. Blaum ( 3) observed radial hot spots of temperature between the reactor axis and wall for a very rapid deactivation. For slow deactivation,these hot spots are not likely. 

Hoare and McLean [69] developed a kinetic model for the copolymerization of up to four co-monomers to predict both chain and radial distributions of carboxylic groups in PNIPAAm-based microgels. The model can accurately predict the experimentally observed radial distributions of functional monomers with significantly different hydrophobicities, copolymerization kinetics, and reactivities. 

Our only direct information about the structure of water comes from X-ray diffraction and neutron-scattering studies. The scattering experiments yield information in the form of a radial distribution function, specifying essentially the average number of neighboring water molecules as a function of the distance from any one given molecule. Unfortunately, however, there is no direct way this information can reveal the structure. Instead, specific models have to be proposed and predictions made as to the likely position of neighbors based on the model these predictions are then compared to the actually observed radial distribution function. 

In the present investigation we are particularly interested in the thermomechanical response characteristics of the specimens under conditions of uniform through-the-thickness heat flow. Thus, the uniformity of surface heating is quite important. Figure 3 shows an example of the observed radial temperature distributions over the upper specimen surface upon heating. While the temperature gradually decreases from the center to the periphery of the specimen, the maximum temperature differential AT in the radial direction is small in comparison with the temperature at the center. For instance, =<0.11 and 0.03 after heating for 5 s... 

Karnis, Goldsmith, and Mason (K5, K5d) performed experiments on the radial migration of rigid spheres suspended in a viscoelastic fluid flowing through a circular tube. Migration towards the axis was observed under conditions where inertial effects would normally be expected to be nil. The observed radial motion is thus apparently attributable to the non-Newtonian properties of the fluid. The unperturbed velocity profile is very flat over the central portion of the tube. Particles placed in this region neither rotated nor moved radially. Experiments are also reported for rods and disks (G9b, K5d). 

Figure 6 shows the normalized concentration observed for one peak as a function of radial position. Superimposed on the curve is the dispersion expected for a centrally Injected substance calculated for the column conditions and flow rate (1.0 mL mln ) employed. It is clear that the dispersion is much greater for the experimental data. It is likely that the observed radial concentration profile is a consequence of the sasiple introduction processes as previously proposed by Kirkland (14). 

Experiments are performed behind reflected shock waves where the hot gas is effectively stagnant and not flowing. Flash or laser photolysis occurs after the reflected shock wave has traversed the spectroscopic observation station. Transient species are observed radially across the shock tube. Reflected shock pressure and temperature are kept low so that thermal decomposition is minimized. The initial transient species concentration is initiated by photolysis, and its decay is then totally determined by bimolecular reaction. Diffusion out of the viewing zone is negligibly slow on the experimental time scale. This experiment is then an adaptation of the static kinetic spectroscopy experiment with the reflected shock serving as a source of high temperature and density i. e., shock heating is equivalent to a pulsed furnace. 

Fig. la Typical observed radial and angular temperature variations [2]. Circle signifies spherical particle. 

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