Obesity in children and

A thorough search for studies that addressed obesity in children and adolescents in relation to the new antipsychotic drugs showed that risperidone is associated with less weight gain than olanzapine (824). 

Vieweg WV, Sood AB, Pandurangi A, Silverman JJ. Newer antipsychotic drugs and obesity in children and adolescents. How should we assess drug-associated weight gain Acta Psychiatr Scand 2005 111 177-84. 

Hill JO, Melanson EL. Overview of the determinants of overweight and obesity current evidence and research issues. Med. Set Sports Exerc. 1999 3LS515-521. Lobstein T, Baur L, Uauy R. Obesity in children and young people a crisis in public health. Obes. Rev. 2004 5 Suppl 1 4-104... 

Capdevila S, Giral M, Ruiz de la Torre JL, Russell RJ, Kramer K (2007) Acclimatization of rats after ground transportation to a new animal facility. Lab Anim 41 255-261 Cappuccio FP, Taggart FM, Kandala NB, Currie A, Peile E, Stranges S, Miller MA (2008) Metaanalysis of short sleep duration and obesity in children and adults. Sleep 31 619-626 Cappuccio FP, Cooper D, D Elia L, Strazzullo P, Miller MA (2011) Sleep duration predicts cardiovascular outcomes a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur Heart J 32 1484-1492... 

The relationships between valproate-induced obesity in children and concomitant metabolic changes, such as hyper-insulinemia and insulin resistance, h)q)erleptmemia and leptin resistance, and an increase in the availability of long-chain free fatty acids, have been reviewed [371 ]. The authors concluded that, although mechanisms of hyperinsulinemia in valproate-induced weight gain are unclear, it is likely that obesity is the cause of hyperinsulinemia and all related metabolic changes. 

Childhood obesity NHANES children 2,838 Spot urine Higher urinary BPA concentrations significantly associated with obesity in children and adolescents Trasande et al. (2012)... 

It can underestimate the energy expenditure in children and in very obese individuals. 

Ovemutrition is difficult to define but is synonymous with excessive intake in the following discussions. Recent emphasis has been directed towards diets that contain excess energy in relation to expenditure, which result in obesity. This is a major problem in developed and increasingly in underdeveloped countries. There is particular concern about the marked increase in obesity in children, which can lead to major health problems in later life and will result in a massive increase in financial expenditure on health provision in the future some obese children are now developing type 2 diabetes as young as 12. The topics obesity and type 2 diabetes are discussed in Appendix 15.4. 

Dextroamphetamine should be used with caution and only upon medicinal indication in treating narcolepsy, consequences of encephalitis, and other illnesses accompanied by apathy, drowsiness, asthenia, for temporary increase of physical and mental capacity, in treating attention deficit disorder in children, and in treating obesity.Synonyms of this drug are D-amphetamine, dexamphetamine, dexalone, tempodex, zenidex, and many others. 

Type 2, also known previously as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), accounts for 90 to 95 percent of persons with diabetes mellitus.19 This form of diabetes usually occurs in adults, especially in older individuals.35,102 Type 2 diabetes, however, can also occur in young people, and there is concern that the incidence of this disease is increasing dramatically in children and adolescents.9,83 Although the specific factors responsible for this disease are unknown, a genetic predisposition combined with poor diet, obesity, and lack of exercise all seem to contribute to the onset of type 2 diabetes.50,81,83 Increased body weight is common in patients with type 2 diabetes. 

The prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents has increased in Western coimtries, due to changes in diet and physical activity. In a cross-sectional study in the USA, television viewing affected overweight among youth, and the attributable risk indicated that more than 60% of overweight incidence could be linked to excess television viewing time [119(111)]. 

To complicate matters further, in childhood diabetes, in recent years, type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin-resistance instead of insulin absence, has become more prevalent among children. Just one decade ago, it would not have been included in the differential diagnosis of pediatric encephalopathy. Recognition of type 2 diabetes in children, and its potential lethality, is very recent. A report fi om Horida in 2004 described a cluster of seven obese African American youth who were initially thought to have died from DKA due to type 1 diabetes, despite meeting the criteria for the hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state characteristic of type 2 diabetes and not for DKA. All had previously unrecognized type 2 diabetes (Morales and Rosenbloom, 2004). 

Trasande L, Attina TM, Blustein, J. (Sep 19, 2012). Association between urinary bisphenol A concentration and obesity prevalence in children and adolescents. JAMA 308(11), 1113-1121. 

Generally, the participation of youngsters in organized sports or other physical activities is considered to be desirable from a health point of view. Such behavior helps prevent the couch potato syndrome and obesity in children that have become health concerns in recent years. However, vigorous exercise in hot, humid weather can cause dehydration, which can lead to mild or severe heat-related illnesses such as heat cramps, heat exhaustion or heat stroke. 

Stettler N, Bovert P, Shamlaye H, Zemel BS, Stallings VA, Paccaud F. 2002a. Prevalence and risk factors for overweight and obesity in children from Seycheles, a country in rapid transition The importance of early growth. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 26 214-219. 

RBP4, Obesity, and Insulin Resistance in Children and Adolescents.36... 

Linkage between RBP4, obesity, and metabolic syndrome has been investigated in children and adolescents from multiple ethnic backgrounds. Serum RBP4 levels... 

Pinch Tests for Hidden Fat Weighing People Under Water Detection of Early Signs of Obesity in Children Treatment of Obesity Principles of Weight Reduction Planning Diets and Selecting Foods Modified Diets... 

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