Nutritional values for poultry

Proteinaceous material such as horn, feather, nail, hair, and cheese whey occur in nature as waste and can be converted, by proteases, into liquid concentrates or dry solids with high protein content and of nutritional value for food and feed. Thus, proteases provide potential application for the management of residues from various food processing industries such as poultry and cattle slaughterhouses and fishing and dairy industries [5, 6],... 

Ash content is a measure of total minerals and is a reliable index of nutritional value for many foods (tea, flour, edible gelatin, etc.) and feed (for poultry and cattle) and is recognized as a useful tool in determining the nature and distribution of mineral constituents of food. Ash is the inorganic material left after complete oxidation of organic material at high temperatures (500-600°C). 

Cereals constitute the main source of energy for poultry and swine. The most popular feed grains are maize, sorghum, oats, and barley. These grains have an excellent palatability, especially oats. Tables 18.9 and 18.10 summarize nutrition composition and energy values for poultry and different livestock animals of the most common feed cereal gains and their by-products. 

Pea.nuts, The proteins of peanuts are low in lysine, threonine, cystine plus methionine, and tryptophan when compared to the amino acid requirements for children but meet the requirements for adults (see Table 3). Peanut flour can be used to increase the nutritive value of cereals such as cornmeal but further improvement is noted by the addition of lysine (71). The trypsin inhibitor content of raw peanuts is about one-fifth that of raw soybeans, but this concentration is sufficient to cause hypertrophy (enlargement) of the pancreas in rats. The inhibitors of peanuts are largely inactivated by moist heat treatment (48). As for cottonseed, peanuts are prone to contamination by aflatoxin. FDA regulations limit aflatoxin levels of peanuts and meals to 100 ppb for breeding beef catde, breeding swine, or poultry 200 ppb for finishing swine 300 ppb for finishing beef catde 20 ppb for immature animals and dairy animals and 20 ppb for humans. 

Senkoylu and Dale (1999) reviewed the nutritional value of sunflower seed and meal for poultry. The seeds contain approximately 380g/kg oil, 170 g/ kg CP and 159g/kg CF and are a good source of dietary lipid. Sunflower meal is produced by extraction of the oil from sunflower seeds. The nutrient... 

In common with many other legume seeds, raw lentils contain some undesirable constituents, although the levels of these are not likely to be of concern in poultry feeding. Weder (1981) reported the presence of several protease inhibitors in lentils. Marquardt and Bell (1988) also identified lectins (hemagglutinins), phytic acid, saponins and tannins as potential problems but could find no evidence that these had adversely affected performance of pigs fed lentils. It is known that cooking improves the nutritive value of lentils for humans but the effects of consumption of raw lentils by non-ruminants have not been well documented (Castell, 1990). 

Igbassen, F.A. and Guenter, W. (1997b) The influence of micronization, dehulling, and enzyme supplementation on the nutritive value of peas for laying hens. Poultry Science 76, 331-337. 

Leeson, S., Hussar, N. and Summers, J.D. (1988) Feeding and nutritive value of hominy and corn grits for poultry. Animal Feed Science and Technology 19,313-325. 

Mitaru, B.N., Reichert, R.D. and Blair, R. (1983) Improvement of the nutritive value of high tannin sorghums for broiler chickens by high moisture storage (reconstitution). Poultry Science 62, 2065-2072. 

Svihus, B. and Gullord, M. (2002) Effect of chemical content and physical characteristics on nutritional value of wheat, barley and oats for poultry. Animal Feed Science and Technology 102, 71-92. 

Thomas, V.M., Katz, R.J., Auld, D.A., Petersen, C.F., Sauter, E.A. and Steele, E.E. (1983) Nutritional value of expeller extracted rape and safflower oilseed meals for poultry. Poultry Science 62, 882-886. 

Ventura, M.R., Castanon, J.I.R. and McNab, J. M. (1994) Nutritional value of seaweed (Ulva rigida) for poultry. Animal Feed Science and Technology 49,87-92. 

The nutritional requirements of ducks and geese have not been established exactly therefore, some of the formulation specifications have been extrapolated from chicken data. In general, the ME values of feed ingredients for ducks are similar to those for poultry except that they are about 5% higher in ducks for fibrous feedstuffs. 

Inaoka, T., Okubo, G., Yokota, M. and Takemasa, M. (1999) Nutritive value of house fly larvae and pupae fed on chicken feces as food source for poultry. Japanese Poultry Science 36,174-180. 

Some Tier II assessments use tolerance values for animal commodities. Alternatively, secondary residues in animal commodities may be calculated from a diet construct made from treated feed items containing tolerance-level residues. It should be noted that using tolerance-level crop residues in a hypothetical cattle or poultry diet, in which the number and proportion of treated feed items have been maximized, results in a conservative exposure assessment. First, tolerance-level residues represent the upper boundary maximum of residues expected in fed commodities. In addition, hypothetical diets that maximize treated items may be unrealistic and do not contain adequate nutrition to sustain livestock (lactating or otherwise) and poultry. 

For chronic Tier III assessments, the average field trial values for treated feed items are used to construct a nutritionally adequate livestock or poultry diet. A realistic diet (containing adequate amounts of fiber, protein, etc.), coupled with average residues in crop feed items, provides for the most accurate assessment of residues in animal commodities. A representative cattle diet determined to be nutritionally sound was used in the chronic Tier III assessment for atrazine (Table 27.5). 

Poultry. Lecithin has nutritional application in poultry feeds. The caloric value of lecithin (8900 kcal/kg) for broilers was reported to be greater than tallow (5000-7000 kcal/kg) or soybean oil (8800 kcal/kg) (332). This research was complementary to earlier observations that fat utilization and metabolizable energy value were improved when lecithin was also included in chick diets (333, 334). Phospholipids can increase pigment absorption contributing to egg yolk pigmentation (335). Nutrition also plays a key role in the value of meat. Brazilian research found that lecithin in the diets of broilers improved the sensory scores for breast meat (336). 

Laboratory tests such as urease activity, protein dispersibility index (PDI), nitrogen solubility index (NSI), thiamine, and water absorption have been found valuable in monitoring daily production for protein quality. But biological chick and/or rat assays are the only reliable means currently available for predetermining the nutritional value of whole soybean protein they must be conducted periodically to verify results of chemical tests (31). If whole soybeans are to be used in a mixture containing 20% or more soybean meal, 5% or more urea, and 20% or more molasses, or an equivalent mixture, and exposed to hot, humid storage conditions, it is advisable that the urease activity of the whole soybeans not exceed 0.12 increase in pH (31). Extruded or roasted soybeans properly treated for cattle to increase bypass protein should have urease values of less than 0.05 pH rise. A urease rise of 0.05-0.20 is an indication of proper treatment for swine and poultry. 

Meng, X. B.A. Slominski. Nutritive values of corn, soybean meal, canola meal, and peas for broiler chickens as affected by a multicarbohydrase preparation of cell wall degrading enzymes. Poultry Sci. 2005, 84, 1242-1251. 

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