Western tropical North Atlantic

Poster, R. A., Capone, D. G., Carpenter, E. J., Mahaffey, C., Subramaniam, A., and Zehr, J. P. (2007). Influence of the Amazon River plume on distributions of free-living and symbiotic cyanobacteria in the western tropical north Atlantic Ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr. 52, 517—532. 

Some of the highest numbers for the Hemiaulus-Richelia symbioses were reported in the western tropical North Atlantic (WTNA). Carpenter et al. (1999) observed an extensive bloom off the NE coast of South America in autumn of 1996. They reported cell densities from 10 to 10 Richelia Recently, in the same vicinity as the study of Carpenter et al. (1999), Foster et al. (2007) reported extremely high niJH gene copy (>10 copies L ) abundances (proxy for cell abundances) for Richelia associated H. hauckii and Rhizosolenia clevei. In addition, they found within the plume waters of the Amazon River runoff a positive correlation between salinity and the abundance of the H. hauckii-Richelia abundance (Foster et al, 2007). 

Fig. 1 Continental source attribution of the ozone observed on each day of 2008 at the EMEP rural monitoring station GB0049R at Weyboume on the North Norfolk coast of eastern England using ozone labelling techniques in a global and a regional photochemical model. Key regional refers to the ozone advected directly over the local- and regional-scales to the location North America to that formed over that continent and over the North Atlantic and east Pacific Asia to that formed over that continent and over the western Pacific Europe-interc to that advected intercontinentally around latitude circles and back into Europe Tropical to that from the southern hemisphere and tropics...

Loss rates of both CCI4 and Fll in anoxic waters are probably due to biological rather than chemical removal (Lee et al., 1999). It also seems likely that some of the chlorofluorocarbons are removed in fully oxygenated surface waters. Observations show that there is a deficit of CCI4 in the Antarctic surface and bottom waters (Meredith et al., 1996). Finally, fluorinated compounds such as CFC-113 are degraded in warm surface waters of the temperate North Atlantic, the tropical western Pacific, the Eastern Mediterranean, and even the Weddell Sea (Roether et al., 2001). CFC-113 depletions were —3% yr, with possibly accelerated rates in the mixed layer or near the surface. 

Analysis of 7 to 8-year oscillations revealed a contrast in their phases in the subtropical and sub-polar cycles of the northern Atlantic. Three prevailing periods have been recorded for interannual variability (2-6 years) 24-30 months, 40 months, and 60-65 months. The first of these periodicities is the well-known quasi-2-year component of ENSO which manifests itself most strongly in the tropics of the western sector of the Pacific, with anomalies (of a constant sign) propagating along the western coast of North and South America (in other oceans this variability is negligibly small). 

French equatorial Atlantic eastern tropical Pacihc (MANOP sites M and H) western subtropical Atlantic, east North American continental slope and rise Gulf of Mexico Santa Barbara Basin, Long Island Sound Peru continental margin central Pacific gyre (includes data sets from references 1 -5)... 

Hurricanes predominantly effect the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of North America. These weather systems can also occur in other regions of the world where they may be identified by other names such as typhoons or tropical cyclones. Hurricanes that effect North America are spawned over the western Atlantic Ocean and usually develop between July and September. These weather systems are very powerful and can affect the weather pattern for hundreds of miles (kilometers) from the center of the storm. The National Weather Service can usually provide a 2-3 day warning to those areas in the expected path of a hurricane. 

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