Nonspecific irritants

Mice were treated twice weekly for 42 weeks by application of one drop of a 10% solution of phenol in benzene to the shaved dorsal skin after 52 weeks, there were papillomas in 5 of 14 mice, and a single fibrosarcoma appeared at 72 weeks. Phenol, as a nonspecific irritant, may promote development of tumors when applied repeatedly to the skin in large amounts. ... 

Cuenoud, H.F., Joris, L, Langer, R.S. and Majno, G. (1987). Focal arteriolar insudation. A response of arterioles to chronic nonspecific irritation. Am. J. Pathol. 127, 592-604. 

Emesis was also induced in cats given 5-10 mL of fluid pokeroot extract diluted in water via stomach tube (Macht, 1937). These effects were attributed to a nonspecific irritant effect, rather than to a central effect on the vomiting center. 

In German phytomedicine, fresh plant, cut, or powdered herb in injectable solutions are used for supportive therapy of nonspecific irritation in malignant tumors degenerative inflammatory joint diseases contraindicated in protein hypersensitivity and chronic progressive infections. Reported side effects include fever, headaches, angina pectoris symptoms, and allergic reactions. ... 

Antiflatulents are used for die relief of painful symptoms of excess gas in the digestive tract. These drugs are useful as adjunctive treatment of any condition in which gas retention may be a problem (ie, postoperative gaseous distention, air swallowing, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer, irritable colon, or diverticulosis). In addition to its use for tiie relief of intestinal gas, charcoal may be used in the prevention of nonspecific pruritus associated with kidney dialysis treatment and as an antidote in poisoning. Simethicone is in some antacid products, such as Mylanta liquid and Di-Gel liquid. 

Effect. Biomarkers of effects are not available for trichloroethylene. There is no clinical disease state that is unique to trichloroethylene exposure. Interpretation of the behavioral observations in humans is complicated by many factors, such as possible irritant effects of the odor and nonspecific effects on the nervous system (e.g., fatigue). Further studies in this area would be useful in determining the exposure levels that may be... 

There is some evidence that long-term cyclic administration of rifaximin combined with fiber supplementation is effective for inducing symptomatic relief in patients with uncomplicated diverticular disease of the colon. A therapeutic gain of approximately 30% compared to fiber supplementation only can be expected. The drug is well tolerated and no relevant side effects have been reported. Symptoms attributed to diverticula (abdominal pain or discomfort, bloating, disturbance of bowel habits) are nonspecific symptoms and are also features of irritable bowel syndrome. It has been suggested that irritable bowel syndrome and diverticular disease of the colon may coexist in many people and when bowel symptoms occur with diverticulosis coli, they may be due to a coexistent irritable bowel rather to the diverticula themselves [47, 48]. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that many patients with symptomatic diverticular disease show co-... 

Low concentration group appeared normal and gained weight. At 1000 gg/L, ocular and nasal discharges. At the high concentration, severe irritation evident plus nonspecific inflammation of brain, heart, lung, liver, and kidney no deaths 81-84% of acrolein retained accumulations greater in upper respiratory tract than lower respiratory tract... 

The use of screens in environmental assessment and occupational health is fairly straightforward. On the occupational side, the concerns (as addressed in Chapter 11 of this volume) address the potential hazards to those involved in making the bulk drug. The need to address potential environmental concerns covers both true environmental items (aquatic toxicity, etc.) and potential health concerns for environmental exposures of individuals. The resulting work tends to be either regulatorily defined tests (for aquatic toxicity) or defined endpoints such as dermal irritation and sensitization, which have been (in a sense) screened for already in other nonspecific tests. 

Renal Ocular 798 798 (eye irritation reversible nonspecific eye changes) ... 

Toxicology. Acrylonitrile is an eye, skin, and upper respiratory tract irritant systemic effects are nonspecific but may include the central nervous, hepatic, renal, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems. It is carcinogenic in experimental animals. 

The initial effects of acute exposure involve irritation of the respiratory tract and nonspecific symptoms including frontal headache, vertigo, nausea, vomiting, and sometimes substernal and epigastric pain generally these early effects disappear when the individual is removed to fresh air. It is estimated that exposure to 30 ppm for 30 minutes may be lethal to humans. ... 

Rabbits died from exposure to 5000 ppm for 3 hours but survived 3 hours at 2500ppm. Exposure to the higher concentrations caused irritation of mucous membranes, lacrima-tion, dyspnea, pulmonary rales, and, in a few animals, pulmonary edema convulsions were rare and of brief duration. Autopsy of animals exposed to lethal concentrations showed mild to severe liver damage and nonspecific changes in the kidneys. Nitroethane was not hepato-toxic after administration of 9mmol/kg to mice. ... 

Rats exposed for 7 hours/day for 50 days to about 10 ppm showed no overt signs of toxicity and no deaths, although a few animals, when euthanized, had mild pulmonary inflammation and nonspecific cellular changes in the liver. Exposure to 5 and 12 ppm PGE 30 hours/week for 13 weeks caused hair loss in rats attributed to direct irritation of the skin rather than to systemic toxicity. ... 

Triphenyltin Acetate Liver damage has occurred from occupational exposure to triphenyltin acetate. In two cases, both developed hepatomegaly one had slightly elevated SGPT and SCOT activity. Occupational exposure to a 20% solution produced skin irritation 2-3 days after prolonged contact with contaminated clothing. Other nonspecific effects of exposure have included headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and blurred vision. ... 

Psyllium Useful in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and diverticular disease. Polycarbophil For constipation or diarrhea associated with conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome and diverticulosis acute nonspecific diarrhea. 

Rofecoxib is approved for the treatment of osteoarthritis, dysmenorrhea, and acute pain. The most common adverse reactions to rofecoxib are mUd to moderate GI irritation (diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, abdominal pain). Lower extremity edema and hypertension occur relatively frequently (about 3.5%). It is not metabohzed by CYP2C9, so rofecoxib should not be subject to some of the interactions seen with celecoxib. However, its metabolism is increased by the coadministration of rifampin, which acts as a nonspecific inducer of hepatic metabolism. 

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