Cellular nonspecific

Thomas AQ, Lane K, Phillips J HI, et al. Heterozygosity for a surfactant protein C gene mutation associated with usual interstitial pneumonitis and cellular nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis in one kindred. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002 165(9) 1322-1328. 

Figure 12 Combined pattern of cellular nonspecific interstitial pneumonia and organizing pneumonia in a patient with polymyositis. The interstitium is intensely infiltrated by lymphocytes. Fibrosis is minimal. Note the intraluminal plugs of connective tissue arrow). HES 40x.

Molecular and cellular processes were visualized by X-ray contrast agents long before the term molecular imaging became popular and even before the advent of early CT (Table 1). Because of the above-mentioned limitations in the sensitivity of contrast detection by X-ray radiography, the latter can only visualize high capacity transport mechanisms and the nonspecific uptake of particles by specialized cells. 

Figure 1 General pathways through which molecules can actively or passively cross a monolayer of cells. (A) Endocytosis of solutes and fusion of the membrane vesicle with the opposite plasma membrane in an active process called transcytosis. (B) Similar to A, but the solute associates with the membrane via specific (e.g., receptor) or nonspecific (e.g., charge) interactions. (C) Passive diffusion between the cells through the paracellular space. (C, C") Passive diffusion (C ) through the cell membranes and cytoplasm or (C") via partitioning into and lateral diffusion within the cell membrane. (D) Active or carrier-mediated transport of an otherwise poorly membrane permeable solute into and/or out of a cellular barrier.

The immune system is divided into two defense mechanisms nonspecific, or innate, and specific, or adaptive, mechanisms that recognize and respond to foreign substances. Some of the important cellular components of nonspecific and specific immunity are described in Table 15.4. The nonspecific immune system is the first line of defense against infectious organisms. Its cellular components are the... 

In patients infected with HIV, many nonspecific and certain specific cellular immune functions can be shown to be altered or decreased, and a number of seemingly healthy individuals may exhibit marked immunological abnormalities without evidence of clinical illness. As the individual begins to exhibit clinical symptoms associated with AIDS, the abnormalities in the immune system become more extreme. A factor that complicates the study of HIV-induced immunosuppression is that many of the infections patients develop may themselves induce marked changes in the immune system. For this reason, it has been difficult to dissociate the fundamental changes associated with prolonged HIV infection from epiphenomena caused by other infections. One basic defect in the immune system of HIV-infected patients has, however, been elucidated. This is the loss of function and ultimate destruction of a proportion of T lymphocytes. 

As the AO with a direct nonspecific mechanism of action we have chosen Hypoxene - sodium poly(2,5-dihydroxiphenyl)-4-thiosulfonate. Besides a direct AO effect as a scavenger of free radicals it exerts an anti-hypoxic effect shunting I and II complexes of mitochondrial respiratory chain, which are inhibited as a consequence of hypoxia (Eropkin et al., 2007). Hypoxene was introduced into cell incubation media before illumination and left during cells further incubation. Hypoxene in the concentration of 40pg/ml, comparable to doses applied in vivo, completely blocked C60-induced phototoxicity (Table 7.3). Cellular viability has completely recovered to control level, which is a convincing evidence of free radical nature of cellular damage in photodynamic effect of fullerene. 

Grafting of PEG on the liposome surface interferes with the ability of the liposome to undergo membrane fusion and destabilization in the endosome. Meyer et al. observed this point (33). The stabilization of the lipopiexes into a lamellar phase would be a possible reason for this transfection inhibition, by lack of destabilization into the endosome (34). Thus, cleavable PEG-lipid has been designed to limit the nonspecific interaction with proteins, although restoring the ability of the particles to interact with the endosomal cellular membranes and to release their therapeutic payload. 

An EMSAs is a simple assay to determine if a DNA sequence is able to bind a specific protein. Purified, cellular, or nuclear protein extract is incubated with labeled double-stranded oligonucleotide DNA probes, usually 20-25 nucleotides long. Each probe contains the SNP nucleotide (one per probe) and the identical sequence corresponding to the sequence around the SNP. The mixture is then run on a nondenaturing gel. If the DNA sequence binds the protein, there is a shift in the mobility of the complex (e.g., lane 2, Fig. 12.3). Specific and nonspecific competitors are often added to demonstrate specificity of the shift (lanes 5-7, Fig. 12.3). If an antibody... 

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