Nomenclature hydrocarbons, Table

The common method of naming aldehydes corresponds very closely to that of the related acids (see Carboxylic acids), in that the term aldehyde is added to the base name of the acid. For example, formaldehyde (qv) comes from formic acid, acetaldehyde (qv) from acetic acid, and butyraldehyde (qv) from butyric acid. If the compound contains more than two aldehyde groups, or is cycHc, the name is formed using carbaldehyde to indicate the functionaUty. The lUPAC system of aldehyde nomenclature drops the final e from the name of the parent acycHc hydrocarbon and adds al If two aldehyde functional groups are present, the suffix -dialis used. The prefix formjlis used with polyfunctional compounds. Examples of nomenclature types are shown in Table 1. 

Tervalent organophosphorus compounds containing one single P-N bond with the valency of each atom saturated by protons or carbons (but no other heteroatoms) have been known since their discovery by MichaeUs more than one century ago [ 1 ] and named indistinctly as aminophosphanes, phosphanamines, phosphazanes, or phosphinous amides. This last chemical nomenclature is the one used by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) for indexing these compounds and is also the one that best delimits the scope of this review those species derived from the parent H2P-NH2 (phosphinous amide in CAS nomenclature) by partial or total substitution of protons by hydrocarbon radicals (Table 1). 

There are two general systems of nomenclature for fatty acids, as well as a few useful shorthand designations. Common names have their origins in history and are frequently used. Several examples are provided in table 18.1. Systematic names derive from the number of carbon atoms in the fatty acid for example, lauric acid is systematically known as dodecanoic acid. The parent hydrocarbon dodecane has 12 carbon atoms as does lauric acid. Several other examples are provided in table 18.1. 

Compounds in this group are heterocyclic analogues of the hydrocarbon fluorene which have heteroatoms in both six-membered rings. Surprisingly, only compounds with one nitrogen atom in each ring are widely known. The widely used and readily understood aza nomenclature will be used in this section. Table 4 lists the references to the known unsubstituted diazafluorene and diazafluoren-9-ones. 

Unlike the lack of logic in the IUPAC system that results when additional "fused polycyclic hydrocarbons" are named by addending rings to one of these "privileged" 35 reference compounds at specified locations, it is highly desirable that the nomenclature for all ring systems uses the same criteria. This is another virtue of proposed system. Meanwhile a close scrutiny of the molecules depicted in Tables 1 and 2 reveal ... 

Replacement, e.g., azacyclotridecane. Organic replacement names are formed by denoting heteroatoms that replace skeletal atoms of a hydrocarbon molecular skeleton by organic replacement prefixes (Table 3.4). In nomenclature, the prefixes are cited in the order they are given in the table. 

Names of Ethers.— The systematic official names of ethers are made by using the term oxy in connection with the hydrocarbon names corresponding to the alkyl radicals. The common names are the same as the alcohols with ether in place of alcohol. The following table gives some of the better known ethers of both kinds and will illustrate the nomenclature. 

Sometimes it may be necessary or preferable to consider a parent hydride in which several (four or more) skeletal carbon atoms of a hydrocarbon have been replaced by main group elements. In this method of skeletal replacement the heteroatoms are designated by the a terms of replacement nomenclature (Table X) cited in the order given by Table VI and preceded by the appropriate locant(s). The rules for locant numbering are specified in Section IR-6.2.4.1 and this nomenclature is fully described in Sections P-21.2 and P-22.2 of Ref. 3. 

The type of heteroatom is indicated by a prefix according to Table 1. As all prefixes end with the letter a, replacement nomenclature is also known as a nomenclature. Position and prefix for each heteroatom are written in front of the name of the corresponding hydrocarbon. This is derived from the heterocyclic system by replacing every heteroatom by CH2, CH or C ... 

The nomenclature of FA reflects the long history of their smdy and description. Most FA were originally described under trivial names prior to the adoption of the international molecular nomenclature rules in 1892 (Table 3.1). Even after adopting the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) system for nomenclature (lUPAC-IUB, 1977), the habit of assigning trivial names to FA continues. The basis of the systematic nomenclature system is an extension of that accepted for hydrocarbon (alkane/alkene) naming. Hence, the descriptive name is based on the number of carbon atoms contained in the molecule, with the suffix -e replaced with -oic acid. However, in most instances, FA are referred to by their formula notations. As is the case with systematic and trivial names, there exists an lUPAC accepted formula notation nomenclature and several earher versions (Table 3.2). Each system... 

Steroids also possess their own set of nomenclature stem names based on the carbon number of the central ring system (Figure 3.7). These names are equivalent to the stem names for n-alkane hydrocarbons. Many of the standard lUPAC prefixes and suffixes are then applied directly to describe the related structural details, in a similar manner as for other compounds (Table 3.5). However, there are some variations. For the following discussion, the parent ring system cholestane will be used to highlight examples. 

The nomenclature of organic chemistry derives from the names of straight-chain hydrocarbons, the most important of which are given in Table S2.2. To name a hydrocarbon ... 

According to the lUPAC-IUB nomenclature rules 3S-1 to 3S-10 from 1989 the parent hydrocarbons shown in the table have been defined ... 

In systematic nomenclature the nature of the R group at position 17 determines (primarily) the base name of an individual steroid. These names are derived from the steroid hydrocarbon names given in Table 23.3. 

There are several fundamental type-hydrocarbons, defined by the substituents at C-atoms 10, 13 and 17 and latterly, according to the 1989 nomenclatural recommendations, at C24 (Table). Each of these hydrocarbon types is divided into two sub-types on the basis of the way in which adjacent rings are fused to each other. There are two possible methods of fusion... 

The nomenclature for carboxylic acids follows the familiar pattern of adding the functional group name -oic acid to the named hydrocarbon chain except that the common names formic acid and acetic acid are still widely accepted. Thus, formic acid is methanoic acid, acetic acid is ethanoic acid, propionic acid is propanoic acid, and -butyric acid is butanoic acid. The CAS numbers (Chemical Abstract Service, American Chemical Society) for the carboxylic acids are listed in Table 6.1 along with the physical properties. The CAS numbers refer to the major carboxylic acid component. Refer to the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for CAS numbers of any minor impurities in the solvent. 

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