Alkane hydrocarbons

Alkylation combines lower-molecular-weight saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkanes and alkenes) to produce high-octane gasoline and other hydrocarbon products. Conventional paraffin-olefin (alkane-alkene) alkylation is an acid-catalyzed reaction, such as combining isobutylene and isobutane to isooctane. 

Among the various classes of hydrocarbons alkanes contain carbon m its most reduced state and alkynes contain carbon m its most oxidized state... 

Wilhoit, R.C., Marsh, K.N., Hong, X., Gadalla, N., Frenkel, M. Densities of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Alkanes. 

The amount of energy required to carry out this process depends on the nature of the hydrocarbon it is the highest for saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes, cycloalkanes) and low for unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons (in fact, decomposition of acetylene and benzene are exothermic reactions). Methane is one of the most thermally stable organic molecules. 

The products are analysed by gas chromatography usually on five different columns in order to detect CO, H2, C02, H20 and CrCn hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes) and alcohols. The mass balance for carbon, based on CO consumption, generally lies within 85-95 ... 

A retention index (RI) was used to allow comparison of compound retention data between columns of different equipment, e.g. GC and GC-MS. Straight chain hydrocarbons (alkanes) were assigned an index of 100 times the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. The RI s of all compounds within all the extracts were calculated by using the difference between the retention indices of the alkane eluting before and after that compound ... 

Several methodologies can be used to identify not only crude or refined product type, but also the brand, grade, and, in some instances, the source crude. The petroleum industry has yielded conventional methods for the characterization of refined products. The simplest is the routine determination of API gravity and development of distillation curves where NAPL is present. More sophisticated methods include gas chromatography and statistical comparisons of the distribution of paraffinic or n-alkane compounds between certain C-ranges. With increased degradation and decomposition, the straight-chain hydrocarbons ( -alkanes) become less... 

The petroleum-based oils contain hundreds to thousands of hydrocarbon compounds, including a substantial fraction of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds. The hydrocarbons are mainly mixtures of snaight- and branched-chain hydrocarbons (alkanes), cycloalkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, alkyl polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and metals are important components of motor oils and crankcase oils, with the used oils... 

X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Spectra were obtained using a Leybold-Heraeus LHS-10 Spectrometer using a Mg Ka anode. All binding energies for the obtained spectra were referenced to the hydrocarbon alkane line at 285.0 eV. 

The stem names are derived from the names of hydrocarbons. Acyclic and cyclic saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) in the range C1-C12 are listed in Table 1.2. 

The major petroleum resources contain linear, saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes), cyclic alkanes, and aromatics. For the most part, this material is considered to have low free-energy content. 

Though most of the oxygen in the atmosphere has been formed by photosynthesis in plants, some is produced by photolysis of water vapour in the vacuum ultraviolet region A <200 nm. Photolysis of N2, NO, N02, NHa, CO, 002 and small aliphatic hydrocarbons (alkanes) set up complex reactions in the upper atmosphere. 

Know the meaning of saturated hydrocarbon, alkane, cycloalkane, homologous series, methylene group. 

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