Noise immunity

Iand88] Landauer, R., Dissipation and noise immunity in computation and communication , Nature 335 (1988) 779-784. 

The serial data transmission mode finds its greatest use in multiple detector/converter systems where data must be sent over moderate to long distances to the computer. The system is easy to implement, has a good noise immunity, and is reliable. The main disadvantage to the serial system is its moderate speed of transmission, which is about 3000 bytes/sec. This relatively low speed of transfer may limit its use in some very high-speed applications e.g. data acquisition of mass... 

Divider close to 1C (better load regulation and noise immunity)... 

The eommonly used MCPs and PMTs deliver single-electron pulses of 20 to 50 mV when operated at maximum gain. Although these pulses can be detected by the input diseriminators of most TCSPC modules, a preamplifier is recommended for several reasons. The most obvious one is that a good preamplifier, if it is con-neeted elose to the detector output, improves the noise immunity of the system. Moreover, with the amplifier the CFD ean be operated at a higher discriminator threshold, which improves the timing and the threshold stability. 

Part 4 Noise immunity against fast transient disturbances-test severity... 

The difference between the upper threshold and lower threshold is commonly called the hysteresis or backlash level of the Schmitt trigger it provides noise immunity for the device. 

Replacement of neutronic and delayed neutron detector (DND) channels by state of art system. The salient features include pluggable modules facilitating on line maintenance, easy on-line testing and calibration features, microprocessor based reactivity computation and better noise immunity by use of super screened cables and opto isolators. 

To solve this problem it is necessary to use zero balance radiometer with compensation of reflections between antenna and human body tissue. This principle is realized in most modem microwave radiometers An overview of microwave radiometry is given in a recent publication The balance multi-fiequency microwave radiometer has also been described These researchers used 5 frequencies in calculating the temperature profile in the brain. It is very important to use multi-frequency radiometer in order to visualize the temperature inside body. But the increase in tile munber of fiequencies increases the size and the weight of the radiometer and decreases the noise immunity of the device. The radiation from the human body is very small. So the noise immunity is one of the critical parameters of the microwave radiometer. 

The basic detection process uses the neutron-alpha reaction in Li. The 4.78-MeV reaction energy produces an easily detected alpha particle with low sensitivity to gamma radiation and good electrical noise immunity. A prototype neutron detection system using a 20-mm gold window surface barrier detector coupled to a LiF foil was tested at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Critical Test Facility in the fall of 1968. The detector unit produced an alarm when placed 580 m from a metal assembly producing 5 X 10 fissions in 33 ps. This detector is presently installed in tlie 11 neutron criticality alarm systems at Rocky Flats. 

In addition to control of potential, operational amplifiers can also be used for current measurement by means of current to voltage conversion. The high stability and noise immunity of operational amplifiers also allows for dramatic improvements in the analytical sensitivity, which can be varied over a wide dynamic range by simply changing the resistance of the feedback circuit. 

Solid state logic refers to the transistor family of components like Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS), Resistor-Transistor Logic (RTL), Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL), and High Noise Immunity Logic (HNIL). These components are assembled in stand-alone modules, plug-in board... 

Kotelnikov, V.A. 1960. The Theory of Optimum Noise Immunity. Dover, New York. 

Nearly aU professional audio systems use balanced inputs and outputs because of the noise immunity they afford. Figure 16.22 shows a basic source and load connection. No grounds are present, and both the source and load float. This is the optimum condition for equipment interconnection. 

The number of channels, which is determined by the multiplexer, is usually specified in two forms, differential and single ended. Differential inputs are inputs that have different reference points for each channel, none of which is grounded by the board. Differential inputs are the best way to connect signals to the DAQ board because they provide the best noise immunity. 

New absorption methods, like intracavity spectroscopy, cavity-ring-down and cavity-enhanced spectroscopy, have demonstrated very high sensitivities in laboratory measurements with DLs. An ultrasensitive technique that combines external cavity enhancement and FM spectroscopy has been developed recently. This method, which has been called NICE-OHMS. or noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectroscopy, is based on frequency modulation of the laser at the cavity free-spectral-range frequency or its multiple. The MDA of 5x 10 1 X 10 cm ) in the detection of narrow... 

This fimction is continuous and varies monotonically from a lower bound of 0 to an upper bound of 1 and has a continuous derivative. The transfer function in the output layer can be different from than that used in the rest of the network. Often, it is linear, f(NET)=NET, since this speeds up the training process. On the other hand, a sigmoid function has a high level of noise immunity, a feature that can be very useful. Currently, the majority of current CNNs use a nonlinear transfer function such as a sigmoid since it provides a number of advantages. In theory, however, any nonpolynomial function that is bounded and differentiable (at least piecewise) can be used as a transfer... 

Train and Tmax are interpreted as the maximum and minimum intervals between two successive forms. To solve such problems, the principle of maximum likelihood is used. It has been shown by the authors that noise-immune maximum likelihood detection of a given number of unknown wave forms can be simulated by the following discrete extremal problems ... 

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