Microwave radiometry

Spectroscopy in the microwave region yields valuable information on the rotational structure of molecules [7.50-52]. Apart from this type of fundamental experiment, important applications of microwave radiometry include atmospheric and ocean monitoring [7.53-56]. Passive, as well as active techniques are used for different types of remote sensing. Active micro-wave techniques are pursued with radar systems. 

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Waters J W 1993 Miorowave limb sounding Atmospheric Remote Sensing by Microwave Radiometry ed M A Janssen (New York Wiley) pp 383-496... 

Janssen M A (ed) 1993 Atmospheric Remote Sensing by Microwave Radiometry (New York Wiiey) The most oompiete guide to miorowave and THz atmospherio sensing. 

Microwave temperature profiler passive microwave radiometry of 02 thermal emission 35... 

Chukhlantsev A.A. (2006). Microwave Radiometry of Vegetation Canopies. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 287 pp. 

Shutko A.M. (1987). Microwave Radiometry of Water Surface and Soils. Science Publ., Moscow, 190 pp. [in Russian]. 

Keywords Aral Sea, Ice cover. Microwave radiometry. River outflow, Satellite altimetry. Sea level. Sea surface temperature... 

Hollinger JP, and Mennela RA (1973) Oil spills Measurements of their distributions and volumes by multifrequency microwave radiometry. Science 181 54-56... 

Stephan, K. D., Pearce, J. A., Wang, L., and Ryza, E. "Prospects for Industrial Remote Temperature Sensing Using Microwave Radiometry." Microwave Symposium Digest, 2004 IEEE MTT-S International, Vol. 2, pp. 651-54,2004. 

WEARABLE MICROWAVE RADIOMETRY DEVICE FOR EARLY DETECTION OF SUB-USSDE ONCOLOGICAL IMPERFECTIONS... 

The detection system, based on the use of microwave radiometry, will warn the user if there is any abnormal cell activity taking place within the body area covered by the device, such as the breast. Currently our focus is principally on the development of early warning systems (EWS) for breast cancer, however, once the generic detection teclmologies have been developed and established, preliminary work for the development of EWSs for other sub-tissue abnormalities such as prostate cancer will also be undertaken. 

Medical microwave radiometry has a number of positive characteristics as follows ... 

To solve this problem it is necessary to use zero balance radiometer with compensation of reflections between antenna and human body tissue. This principle is realized in most modem microwave radiometers An overview of microwave radiometry is given in a recent publication The balance multi-fiequency microwave radiometer has also been described These researchers used 5 frequencies in calculating the temperature profile in the brain. It is very important to use multi-frequency radiometer in order to visualize the temperature inside body. But the increase in tile munber of fiequencies increases the size and the weight of the radiometer and decreases the noise immunity of the device. The radiation from the human body is very small. So the noise immunity is one of the critical parameters of the microwave radiometer. 

A H Barrett, P C Myers, N L Sadowsky, Detection of breast cancer by microwave radiometry , Radio Science, 1977 1 2 [suppl] 167-171. 

Y Leroy, et al, Non-invasive microwave radiometry thermometry . Physiol. Means, 1998 19 127-148. 

J W Hand, et al, Monitoring of deep brain temperature in infants using multifrequency microwave radiometry and thermal modelling , Phys Med. Biol, 2001 1885-1900. 

L M Burdina et al, Tikhomirova microwave radiometry in algorithm complex diagnosis of breast diseases . Modem Oncology, 2005 6(1) 8-9 (in Russian). 

E. Schanda Microwave radiometry applications to remote sensing, in [7.53] E.P.W. Attema The radar signature of natural surfaces and its application in active microwave remote sensing, in [7.53]... 

E. Schanda Microwave radiometry applications to remote sensing. In [7.74]... 

Abstract— Hypothermic brain treatment for newborn babies are currently hindered by the lack of appropriate techniques for continuous and non-invasive measurement of deep brain temperature. Microwave radiometry (MWR) is one of the promising methods that is completely passive and inherently safe. Five-band microwave radiometer system and its feasibility were reported with a confidence interval level of the temperature estimation of about 1.6 °C at 5 cm depth from the surface. This result was not good enough for clinical application because clinical requirement is less than 1 °C for both accuracy and stability. This paper describes the improved result of temperature resolutions of the five radiometer receivers, and shows the new confidence interval obtained form temperature measurement experiment using an agar phantom based on a water-bath. Temperature resolutions were 0.103, 0.129, 0.138, 0.105 and 0.111 °C for 1.2, 1.65, 2.3, 3.0 and 3.6 GHz receiver, respectively, and new confidence interval was 0.51 °C at 5 cm from surface. We believe that the system takes a step closer to the clinical hypothermic treatment. 

Keywords— hypothermia, brain temperature, microwave radiometry, ischemia, infants. 

One of the possible alternative methods for non-invasive temperature sensing and monitoring that is completely passive and inherently safe is microwave radiometry (MWR).. We proposed a multi-fl equency microwave radiometry as a non-invasive monitoring method of deep brain temperature and fabricated a five-band receiver system and reported its measurement performance of about 1.6 K 2o-confidence interval at 5 cm depth from the surface of a water-bath phantom with similar temperature distribution as infant s brain [6]. Because the clinical requirement is less than 1 K, further improvement of MWR system were essential for a successful hypothermia treatment. We have done a couple of actions to reduce background noise in order to obtain the better temperature resolutions of five microwave receivers and tried to retrieve the temperature profile in the phantom. This paper describes the current feasibility of the MWR system for clinical hypothermic treatment. 

Maniyama K, Mizushina S, Sugiura T et al. (2000) Feasibility of Non-invasive Measurement of Deep Brain Temperature in New-born Infants by Multi-frequency Microwave Radiometry. IEEE Trans M IT 48 2141-2147... 

Hoppe, G. (under the direction of) 1972, The Application of Passive Microwave Radiometry to Earth Resources Surveys , ESRO No. CR-75, ESRO, Neuilly sur Seine, France. 

Williams, G. F. 1969, Microwave Radiometry of the Ocean and the Possibility of Marine Wind Velocity Determination from Satellite Observation , J. Geophys. Res. 74, No. 18. 

Janssen, M. A. (ed.). (1993). Atmospheric Remote Sensing by Microwave Radiometry, WQey, New York. 

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