Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide adenosine diphosphate

Sunderland, D.W. and M.J. Merrett Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide, adenosine diphosphate and adenosine triphosphate content of tissues infected hy tohacco mosaic virus Nature 199(1963) 1116-1117. 

Coenzymes such as adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine SGtriphosphate (ATP), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced (NADH), are involved in some reactions (4). 

In the past decade, a large number of studies emphasized the heterogeneous scale-free degree distribution of metabolic networks Most substrates participate in only a few reactions, whereas a small number of metabolites ( hubs ) participate in a very large number of reactions [19,45,52]. Not surprisingly, the list of highly connected metabolites is headed by the ubiquitous cofactors, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) in its various forms, as well as by intermediates of glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. 

Figure 6.1 Pathways involved in glucose oxidation by plant cells (a) glycolysis, (b) Krebs cycle, (c) mitochondrial cytochrome chain. Under anoxic conditions. Reactions 1, 2 and 3 of glycolysis are catalysed by lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase, respectively. ATP and ADP, adenosine tri- and diphosphate NAD and NADHa, oxidized and reduced forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide PGA, phosphoglyceraldehyde PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate Acetyl-CoA, acetyl coenzyme A FP, flavoprotein cyt, cytochrome e, electron. (Modified from Fitter and Hay, 2002). Reprinted with permission from Elsevier...

The sirtuins (silent information regulator 2-related proteins class III HDACs) form a specific class of histone deacetylases. First, they do not share any sequence or structural homology with the other HDACs. Second, they do not require zinc for activity, but rather use the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD ) as cofactor. The reaction catalyzed by these enzymes is the conversion of histones acetylated at specific lysine residues into deacetylated histones, the other products of the reaction being nicotinamide and the metabolite 2 -0-acetyl-adenosine diphosphate ribose (OAADPR) [51, 52]. As HATs and other HDACs, sirtuins not only use acetylated histones as substrates but can also deacetylate other proteins. Intriguingly, some sirtuins do not display any deacetylase activity but act as ADP-ribosyl transferases. 

Fig. 1. Energy metabolism in the normal myocardium (ATP adenosine-5 -triphosphate, ADP adenosine-5 -diphosphate, P phosphate, PDH pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, acetyl-CoA acetyl-coenzyme A, NADH and NAD" nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced and oxidized), FADH2 and FAD flavin adenine dinucleotide (reduced and oxidized).

FIGURE 21. Photosystem I (PS I). P700, special pair Q, plastoquinone QH2, dihy-droplastoquinone NADP, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate FQR, ferre-doxin-quinone reductase FNR, ferredoxin-NADP reductase Fd, ferredoxin ADP, adenosine diphosphate ATP, adenosine triphosphate. 

Fig. 26. Z-Scheme of photosynthesis in plants. Chi is chlorophyll, cyt b, f is cytochrome b, / PC is plastocyanine, (Fe-S) is iron sulfer protein. ATP is adenosine triphosphate ADP is adenosine diphosphate Pj is the phosphate ion and NADP is the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ion [203]...

NAD g-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Pyridinium, 3-carbamoyl-1-6-D-ribofuranosyl hydroxide, 5 - 5 - ester with adenosine 5 —(tr1 hydrogen pyrophosphate), inner salt (8) Adenosine 5 -(trihydrogen diphosphate), 5 - ... 

Fig. 2.1. Examples from The Energy Hall of Fame. These molecules not only deliver energy, but transfer special groups in the process. Acyl, RCO— ADP, adenosine diphosphate ATP, adenosine triphosphate dUMP deoxyuridine monophosphate FAD, flavin adenine dinucleotide GTP, guanosine triphosphate NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADP, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate P, phosphate TMP, thymidine monophosphate UDP, uridine diphosphate UTP, uridine triphosphate.

Photosynthesis comprises a light-induced and a dark reaction. The first, called photophosphorylation, involves the two-electron reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) by water, to produce NADPH and oxygen. The redox reaction is coupled to the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ... 

Fig. 6.2.1. Regulation of assimilatory sulfate metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (Cherest et al., 1969 Siegel, 1975 de Vito and Dreyfuss, 1964). Abbreviations as follows ADP adenosine 5 -diphosphate AMP adenosine 5 -phosphate (adenylic acid) APS adenylyl sulphate ATP adenosine 5 -triphosphate NADP, NADPH nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (oxidised and reduced) PAP adenosine 3, 5 -diphos-phate PAPS 3 -phosphoadenylyl sulphate Pj orthophosphate ion PPj pyrophosphate ion.

Figure 21 -8 Major glycolytic pathways of the erythrocyte. Substrates are in uppercase type, and enzymes are in parentheses. EMP, The Embden-Meyerhof pathway HMP hexose monophosphate pathway or pentose shunt RLC, the Rapoport-Luebering cycle ADP, adenosine diphosphate ATP, adenosine triphosphate NAD, nicotinamide-adenine dinudeotide NADH, reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide NADP, nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADPH, reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate.The step from ribulose-5-phosphate, which is shown as being catalyzed by transketolase and transaldolase, is an abbreviation of this portion of the HMR...

Aune and Pogue344 presented data indicating that at least two distinct mechanisms, (1) stimulation of cellular catabolism of tryptophan and (2) stimulation of cellular catabolism of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by adenosine diphosphate-ritosyl transferase (ADP-RT), can account for IFN-y-mediated inhibition of tumor cell growth. Both mechanisms appear to be sensitive to oxygen tension and to changes in intracellular glutathione concentrations, and both mechanisms lead to loss of intracellular NAD. 

Scheme 22 The whole biosynthetic pathway of sugar nucleotides. ATP, adenosine triphosphate Gal-1 -P, galactose-1-phosphate UTP, uridine triphosphate UDP, uridine diphosphate NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Fru, fructose AcCoA, acetyl coenzyme-A PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate CTP, cytidine triphosphate NADP, nicotinamide adenine dinucieotide phosphate GTP, guanosine triphosphate.

Figure 2. Cycles of life and death. A brief overview showing how paraquat (and similarly diquat) interacts with two of the most fundamental processes of life photosynthesis in the chloroplast and respiration in the mitochondrion. Abbreviations ADP, adenosine diphosphate ATP, adenosine triphosphate e, electron proton NAD and NADH, oxidised and reduced forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADP and NADPH, oxidised and reduced forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate Paraquat, paraquat radical Pi, inorganic phosphate superoxide radical.

Unified models. If experimental KIEs are available for several related reactions, it is possible to construct a unified model of the reaction to give the highest possible accuracy TS structures." A unified model differs from any other TS analysis only in that a single vibrational model and structure interpolation model is used to determine transition states for several different reactions of a given type. For example, the transition states of four hydrolytic and two adenosine 5 -diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation reactions of oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD ) were determined using a unified model. The fact that this model worked for all these different reactions lent support to the correctness of each step in the process. 

Irradiation of water leads to formation of (HO) . By contrast, in the brain, strong water-soluble electron donors (DH) such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), catechin, hydroquinone, ascorbic acid or glutathione (L-y-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine GSH) can promote formation of (HO) from H2O2 in the presence of Cu+ or some iron complexes (e.g. Fe -adenosine diphosphate complexes) according to Eqs. (15) and (16) (Florence, 1984 Kadiiska et al., 1992). 

Abbreviations used NAD+ = nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH e reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADP = nicotinamide adenine dinudeotide phosphate NAD PH reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NMN, NMN+ nicotinamide mononucleotide NMNH2 = reduced nicotinamide mononucleotide a-NAD a-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide AMP = 5 -adenylic acid 3,5 -AMP adenosine 3, 5 -cycIic phosphate 3 ,5 -UMP = uridine 3, 5 -cyclic phosphate 3, 5 -CMP cytidine 3, 5-cyclic phosphate 3 f5 GMP = guanosine 3 5f-cyclic phosphate 3, 5 TMP thymidine 3, 5 -cyclic phosphate Dibutyryl-3, 5 -AMP = N6,02-dibutyryladenosine 3, 5 -cyclic phosphate 2, 3 -UMP = uridine 2 ,3 -cyclic monophosphate 2, 3 -CMP cytidine 2, 3 -cyclic monophosphate 2, 3 -AMP = adenosine 2, 3 -cyclic monophosphate 2 ,3 -GMP = guanosine 2 3 -cyclic monophosphate 2 -UMP = uridine 2 -phosphate -UMP uridine -phosphate 5 -UMP = uridine 5 phosphate Poly U polyuridylic acid ADP = adenosine 5 -diphosphate FAD = flavin adenine dinucleotide UpA, UpU, ApU and ApA x dinucleoside phosphates of uridine and/or adenine. c See original references for experimental conditions and additional data. 

One mechanism that has been proposed to explain the hepatotoxicity of 1,1,2-trichloroethane is the generation of free radical intermediates from reactive metabolites of 1,1,2-trichloroethane (acyl chlorides). Free radicals may stimulate lipid peroxidation which, in turn, may induce liver injury (Albano et al. 1985). However, Klaassen and Plaa (1969) found no evidence of lipid peroxidation in rats given near-lethal doses of 1,1,2-trichloroethane by intraperitoneal injection. Takano and Miyazaki (1982) determined that 1,1,2-trichloroethane inhibits intracellular respiration by blocking the electron transport system from reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) to coenzyme Q (CoQ), which would deprive the cell of energy required to phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and thereby lead to depletion of energy stores. 

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