Poly-phosphates

Meta- and Poly-phosphates. The preparation, separation, structure, and reactivity of cyclophosphates are the subjects treated in a recent review.  

Averbuch-Pouchot, Bull. Soc.frang. Minerale Crist., 1972, 95, 513. 

Anhydrous trimetaphosphates MCaPaOg, where M = Na, K, or NH4, can be obtained by heating the hydrates, which crystallize from aqueous solution to 180 °C. Further heating to 500 °C converts the sodium salt into a high molecular weight polyphosphate while the potassium compound gives a second trimetaphosphate modification. The ammonium salt loses ammonia and phosphorus pentoxide to give calcium polyphosphate. 

The effect of water content and heat treatment on the formation of aluminium phosphates, particularly Al4(P40i2)3, has been investigated, and the changes in the properties of this material and AIPO4 on grinding have 

Tsuhako, K. Hasegawa, T. Matsuo, I. Motooka, and M. Kobayashi, Chem. Letters, 1973, 367. 

The sparingly soluble copper(ii) phosphates have been re-examined, confirming the existence of CuHP04,H20 and Cu4H(P04)3,3H20. An orthophosphate of protactinium(v) has recently been synthesized, the product Pa0(H2P04)3,2H20 

Hasegawa, J. Inorg. Nuclear Chem., 1976, 38, 319 S. Yamanaka, Y. Horibe, and M. Tanaka, J. Inorg. Nuclear Chem., 1976, 38, 323. 

Behrendt, K. Beneke, and G. Lagaly, Angew. Chem. Internat. Edn., 1976, 15, 544. 

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Kasemsap, C., Wantawin, C., 2007. Batch production of PHA by low-poly phosphate-... 

Condensed (poly) phosphates may exert different effects on calcium utilization than the aforementioned effects of simple (ortho-) phosphates. Polyphosphates have a much greater affinity for calcium than do orthophosphates, and soluble calcium-polyphosphate complexes are readily formed in the gastric and intestinal environments. In addition, polyphosphates must be hydrolyzed by an intestinal alkaline phosphatase (27) prior to absorption. We have found polyphosphates to be incompletely (80.5%) hydrolyzed to orthophosphate during the digestive process in young adult males when calcium intake was low only 56% of a 1 g phosphorus supplement was absorbed from a polyphosphate sources as compared to 71% from an orthophosphate source (5). 

A further group, the ultra-polymeric or cross-linked-phosphates, which were first mentioned by Kroll (165), are characterized by the fact that tertiary phosphate tetrahedra are present in addition to the ordinary P—O-—P groupings. These are joined with other tetrahedra by three oxygen atoms and not by two, as in the meta- and poly-phosphates. They will be discussed in Section V. 

Colloidal sulfide, selenide, telluride, phosphide, and arsenide semiconductor particles are prepared by the controlled precipitation of appropriate aqueous metal ions by H2S, H2Se, H2Te, PH3, and AsH3, respectively. Colloids are stabilized, typically, by sodium poly-phosphate. A large number of experimental parameters determine the size, size distribution, morphology, and chemical composition of a semiconductor particles in a given preparation. Concentrations, rates, and the order of addition of the reagents the counterions selected ... 

Use of the proper grade of soda ash, sodium metasilicate and sodium tri-poly phosphate is important. Use of the wrong grade can cause separation, settling, and loss of vi scos i ty. 

Tribochemical film in oil solution Long chain polyphosphate on the topmost surface and short chain polyphosphates in the bulk. S is present as sulfide. Long chain polyphosphate on the topmost surface and short chain poly-phosphates in the bulk. S is present as sulfide. Long chain polyphosphate throughout the tribofilm. Contain more unchanged ZDDP. 

Parenthetically, DNA is a fibrous sodium salt of double-stranded ribose-poly-phosphate covalently bonded to precise sequences of the four nucleotides adenine (A), thymine (T), glycine (G), and cytosine (C), with intemu-cleotide hydrogen bonds connecting the two strands, and which, in trios, form one bit of the genetic code. 

Ar—NH — NH2/Poly-phosphat-ester) E19a, 1025 (ArX + Enolat) ludolizin... 

Ferrocene has been reported to be very effective as a soot reducing agent in combustion [42 — 44]. Thus, when ferrocene compounds are incorporated in a fire retardant polymer, such as a phenolphthalein-based polymer and poly(phosphate ester)s, they have shown added advantages in that they promote extinction and reduce smoke formation by accelerated char reduction [45, 46]. The synthesis of such ferrocene-containing poly(phosphate ester)s was achieved by interfacial polycondensation using a phase transfer catalyst [47]. Accordingly, l,l -bis(p-hydroxy-phenylamido)ferrocene and l,l -bis(p-hydroxyphenylcarbonyl)ferrocene underwent condensation with various aryl phosphoroic acid dichlorides to yield two series of ferrocene-containing polymers, i.e., poly (amide-phosphate ester)s 38a and poly(ester-phosphate ester)s 38b respectively, as shown in Scheme 10-17. 

Sodium di- and poly-phosphates Diphosphates, disodium dihydrogen diphosphates and tetrasodium diphosphates are industrially produced by heating sodium hydrogen phosphates. 

The first step in these reactions is probably the formation of the mixed phosphates (198), as such compounds were obtained by Hall and Kho-rana in a similar reaction conducted at 60°. It has been suggested that formation of the anhydronucleoside (199) occurs by attack of the 2-carbonyl group on C-2, with elimination of a pyro- or poly-phosphate group. An alternative mechanism may also be postulated, namely, that a cyclic pyrophosphate derivative (202, R = H or POsHa) is formed in the reaction with polyphosphoric acid, and that this then undergoes attack by the 2-carbonyl group on C-2. By a similar reaction-sequence, the 3, 5 -diphosphate of l-/3-D-arabinofuranosyluracil was prepared from uridine. ... 

Phosphates are used in an astonishing variety of domestic and industrial applications but their ubiquitous presence and their substantia] impact on everyday life is frequently overlooked. It will be convenient first to indicate the specilic uses of individual compounds and the properties on which they are based, then to conclude with a brief summary of many different types of application and their interrelation. The most widely used compounds are the various phosphate salts of Na, K. NH4 and Ca. The uses of di-. tri- and poly-phosphates are mentioned on pp. 527-29. 

Builders Sodium carbonate Sodium di- and tri-(poly)phosphate Poly-carboxylates (NTA) Citrates ZeoUte A (ion exchangers)... 

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