Battery nickel hydride

Nickel formate dihydrate, 77 117 Nickel halides, 77 109-110 Nickel-hydride battery modules, 7 7 95... 

Kuochih, H. 2001. The development of hydrogen storage alloys and the progress of nickel hydride batteries. J. Alloys Comp. 321 307-313. 

It is quite clear that we do not expect complete substitution of ordinary batteries by fuel cells in the portable field. Ordinary batteries will continue to maintain their leading market position as power sources for a large number of devices. Thus, disposable batteries are expected to maintain their importance for pocket flashlights and various medical devices, for example. Simple electronic devices such as portable radios, audio players, digital cameras, and so on, will continue to be powered by rechargeable nickel-cadmium and nickel-hydride batteries. Lithium-ion rechargeables are likely to continue in simpler mobile phones. Fuel cells will be attractive for more complex equipment, such as notebooks used for more than 2 hours at a time, for instance, where even lithium-ion batteries have insufficient energy density. 

Table 1.10 Classes of intermetallic compounds that are used for negative electrodes of nickel/hydride batteries. Alloys corresponding to Lines 1 and 2 are nowadays mainly applied.

Lithium s 47% fraction of the 3.61 bilUon rechargeable battery market in 1999s had become 52% and 3 billion by itself in 2002. Sony Corp. had about 33% of this market, and Sanyo Electric Company 23% in 2000. Sony originally developed the lithium-ion batteries, but in 2000 began converting much of its manufacturing capacity to the more profitable lithium polymer type. Sanyo Electric also produced about 32% of the nickel-cadmium, and 46% of the nickel hydride batteries in 2000 (Lerner, 2001 Jarvis, 2000). Considerable research has been conducted on rechargeable lithium batteries for automobiles, but by 2002 there were still major safety and construction problems. 

Nickel hydride battery Ni-Cd battery Lead acid storage battery 250... 

Hydrogen-storage alloys (18,19) are commercially available from several companies in the United States, Japan, and Europe. A commercial use has been developed in rechargeable nickel—metal hydride batteries which are superior to nickel—cadmium batteries by virtue of improved capacity and elimination of the toxic metal cadmium (see BATTERIES, SECONDARYCELLS-ALKALINe). Other uses are expected to develop in nonpolluting internal combustion engines and fuel cells (qv), heat pumps and refrigerators, and electric utility peak-load shaving. 

H. Ogawa, M. Ikoma, H. Kawano, and I. Matsumoto, "Metal Hydride Electrode for High Energy Density Sealed Nickel—Metal Hydride Battery," Proceedings of the 16th International Power Sources Conference, UK, 1988. 

Lithium-Ion Cells. Lithium-ion cells and the newer alternative, lithium-ion-polymer, can usually run much longer on a charge than comparable-size Nicad and nickel-metal hydride batteries. Usually is the keyword here since it depends on the battery s application. If the product using the battery requires low levels of sustained current, the lithium battery will perform very well however, for high-power technology, lithium cells do not perform as well as Nicad or nickel-metal hydride batteries. 

Nickel-Hydrogen, Nickel-Iron, and Nickel-Metal Hydride. First developed for communication satellites in the early 1970s, nickel-hydrogen batteries are durable, require low maintenance, and have a long life expectancy. The major disadvantage is the high initial cost. For these batteries to be a viable option for electric vehicles, mass production techniques will have to be developed to reduce the cost. 

A more appropriate battery for transportation applications is probably a nickel-iron or nickel-metal hydride battery. These batteries are not as susceptible to heat and gassing as lead-acid batteries, so they can better withstand high current or high voltage charges that can dramatically shorten charging time. 

GM began offering more expensive nickel-metal hydride batteries as an option. These batteries extended the range to 75 to 130 miles, but also took slightly longer to recharge. 

Secondary batteries can be electrically charged, and these batteries can offer savings in costs and resources. Recently, lithium-ion and nickel-metal hydride batteries have been developed, and are used with the other secondary batteries, such as nickel-cadmium, lead-acid, and coin-type lithium secondary batteries. 

The variety of practical batteries has increased during the last 20 years. Applications for traditional and new practical battery systems are increasing, and the market for lithium-ion batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries has grown remarkably. This chapter deals with consumer-type batteries, which have developed relatively recently. 

Batteries using an alkaline solution for electrolyte are commonly called alkaline batteries. They are high-power owing to the high conductivity of the alkaline solution. Alkaline batteries include primary batteries, typical of which are alkaline-manganese batteries, and secondary batteries, typical of which are nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride batteries. These batteries are widely used. 

Nickel-metal hydride batteries contain a nickel electrode similar to that used in nickel-cadmium batteries as the positive... 

The nickel-metal hydride battery comes in two shapes cylindrical and prismatic. The internal structure of the cylindrical battery is shown in Fig. 18. It consists of positive and negative electrode sheets wrapped within the battery, with... 

Figure 20 shows the charge-discharge characteristics of the AA-size nickel-metal hydride battery in comparison with the nickel-cadmium battery produced by Sanyo Electric. Its capacity density is 1.5 to 1.8 higher than that of nickel-cadmium batteries. 

The discharge voltage of nickel-metal hydride batteries is almost the same as that of nickel-cadmium batteries. 

The outstanding characteristics of the nickel-metal hydride battery are as follows ... 

Since nickel-metal hydride batteries were commercialized in 1990, they have become increasingly popular as a power source for computers, cellular phones, electric shavers, and other products. 

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