NFPA National Fire Protection explosions

NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) 69, Explosion Prevention Systems. NFPA, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, Massachusetts, 1986. 

There are several area classification standards such as API RP 500 (2012), API RP 505 (1997), NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) publication 70 (2013), NFPA publication 497, NFPA 70, and local standards in practice. They define classified areas surrounding the individual equipment, based on characteristics and probability of leaked/released liq-uid/gas/solids. This approach reduces fire/explosion risk due to the simultaneous occurrence of a flammable atmosphere and eleetrical ignition to an acceptable level. The project team can use an appropriate area classification standard acceptable to the company and local government authorities. 

Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems NFPA 69, National Fire Protection Association, Quiacy, Mass., 1986. 

NFPA 495 Explosive Materials Code, 1996 edition. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA. 

Let s take the example of benzene, which at 12,000 ppm, is 100% LEL. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) states that equipment can operate, without LEL monitors or controls, if the LEL is less than 25% LEL. For benzene then, 25% LEL is equal to 3,000 ppm. This upper boundary becomes a dictating factor in the selection and design of the oxidation equipment. If the concentration is higher than 25% LEL, the NFPA requirements state that an LEL monitor is required. Using an LEL monitor, NFPA guidelines allow operation up to 50% LEL (a 2 1 safety factor). Thus, 100% LEL is explosive if the stream is at 25%, a factor safety of four exists. 

The National Fire Protection Association has extensive codes that relate to fire and explosion prevention and protection for all major industries and/or occupations, for example [10, 26, 27, 33, 55], NFPA Code No. 69 [55]... 

National Fire Protection Association. Prevention of Fire and Dust Explosions in the Chemical, Dye, Pharmaceutical, and Plastics Industries. NFPA 654. 

Table 5. Representative ignition temperatures, minimum explosion concentration, and minimum ignition energy for selected dusts, from NFPA Fire Protection Handbook (National Fire Protection Association, 1986) and other sources.

T. H. Pratt, Electrostatic Ignitions of Fires and Explosions (Marietta, GA Burgoyne, 1997). Recommended Practice on Static Electricity, NFPA 77-1972 (Boston National Fire Protection Association,... 

Traditionally, inerts have been obtained from sources such as high-pressure gas cylinders or tube trailers or through evaporation of cryogenic liquids from bulk tanks. Other sources of inerts include (NFPA 69, Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems, National Fire Protection Association, 2002 FM Global, Loss Prevention Data Sheet 7-59, Inerting and Purging of Tanks, Process Vessels, and Equipment, 2000)... 

In its NEP, OSHA points out that for workplaces not covered by 1910.272, but where combustible dust hazards exist within dust control systems or other containers, citations under section 5(a)(1) of the OSH Act (the General Duty Clause) may generally be issued for deflagration (fire) or explosion hazards. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standards should be consulted to obtain evidence of hazard recognition and feasible abatement methods. Other standards are applicable to the combustible dust hazard. For example, if the workplace has a Class II location, then citations under 29 CFR 1910.307 may be issued to those employers having electrical equipment not meeting the standard s requirements. 

Most reactions of bromine are highly exothermic which can cause incandescence or sudden increase in pressure and rupture of reaction flasks. There are a number of cases of explosions documented in the literature. (NFPA. 1986. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials, 9th ed. Quincy, MA National Fire Protection Association) Reactions of liquid bromine with most metals (or any metal in finely divided state), metal hydrides, carbonyls and nitrides can be explosive. Many oxides and halides of nonmetals, such as nitrogen triiodide or phosphorus trioxide, react explosively or burst into flame in contact with liquid bromine. 

Anon, "Code for the Manufacture, Storage, Transportation and Use of Explosives and Blasting Agents , (NFPA No 495 1965) National Fire Protection Association, Boston Mass (1965) 45pp... 

National Fire Protection Association has the objective of developing, publishing, and disseminating standards intended to minimize the possibility and effect of fire and explosion. NFPA s membership consists of individuals from business and industry, fire service, health care, insurance, educational, and government institutions. NFPA conducts fire safety education programs for the general public and provides information on fire protection and prevention. Also provided by the association is the field service by specialists on flammable liquids, electricity, gases, and marine problems. 

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has developed, published, and disseminated a large number of practical standards to minimize the possibility and effects of fires and explosions. The NFPA also produces reference books, test books, posters, and slide/audio tape programs on fire concerns. A list of a few of the more popular consensus standards related to fire and explosion includes the following ... 

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