Neurogenerative disease

The term neurodegenerative disease is used for several conditions of chronic, usually progressive, ill health caused by a chronic breakdown and deterioration of the neurons, particularly those of the central nervous system (CNS). Often, a deficiency of one or more neurochemicals, particularly neurotransmitters, is associated with the disease. Neurogenerative disease... 

Amplitude is determined by the presence of active fibers within the immediate vicinity of the electrode tip. Low-pass filtering by the volume conductor attenuates the high-frequency spikes of remote SFAPs hence the MUP amplitude does not increase for a larger motor unit. However, MUP amplitude will increase if the tip of the electrode is located near a cluster of reinnervated fibers. Large MUP amplitudes are frequently observed in neurogenic diseases. 

Number of phases indicates the complexity of the MUP and the degree of misalignment between SFAPs. In neurogenic diseases, polyphasic MUPs arise due to slow conduction velocity in immature nerve sprouts or slow conduction velocity in reinnervated but still atrophied muscle fibers. Variation in muscle fiber size also causes polyphasic MUPs in myopathic diseases. To prevent noisy baseline fluctuations from affecting the count of MUP phases, a valid baseline crossing must exceed a minimum absolute amplitude criterion. 

Tetanus is a disease caused by the release of neurotoxins from the anaerobic, spore-forming rod Clostridium tetani. The clostridial protein, tetanus toxin, possesses a protease activity which selectively degrades the pre-synaptic vesicle protein synaptobrevin, resulting in a block of glycine and y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release from presynaptic terminals. Consistent with the loss of neurogenic motor inhibition, symptoms of tetanus include muscular rigidity and hyperreflexia. The clinical course is characterized by increased muscle tone and spasms, which first affect the masseter muscle and the muscles of the throat, neck and shoulders. Death occurs by respiratory failure or heart failure. 

Diseases affecting skeletal muscle are not always primary diseases of muscle, and it is necessary first to determine whether a particular disorder is a primary disease of muscle, is neurogenic in origin, is an inflammatory disorder, or results from vascular insufficiency. A primary disease of muscle is one in which the skeletal muscle fibers are the primary target of the disease. Neurogenic disorders are those in which weakness, atrophy, or abnormal activity arises as a result of pathological processes in the peripheral or central nervous system. Inflammatory disorders may result in T-cell mediated muscle damage and are often associated with viral infections. Vascular insufficiency as a result of occlusion in any part of the muscle vasculature can cause severe disorders of muscle, especially in terms of pain, metabolic insufficiency, and weakness. 

Primary myopathies fall into a number of discrete groups the inherited diseases of muscle, the metabolic myopathies, the neurogenic disorders, and the acquired disorders of muscle. 

Tran PB, Ren D, Veldhouse TJ, Miller RJ (2004) Chemokine receptors are expressed widely by embryonic and adult neural progenitor cells. J Neurosci Res 76 20-34 Tran PB, Banisadr G, Ren D, Chenn A, Miller RJ (2007) Chemokine receptor expression by neural progenitor cells in neurogenic regions of mouse brain. J Comp Neurol 500 1007-1033 U eyler N, Sommer C (2008) Cytokine regulation in animal models of neuropathic pain and in human diseases. Neurosci Lett 437 194-198... 

Neurogenic conditions (brain trauma, spinal cord injury, cerebrovascular accident, Parkinson s disease)... 

Therapeutic action of this dmg is based on this action, and it is used for treating post-operational non-obstructive retention of urine and neurogenic bladder atony. Earlier, it was used for treating gastrointestinal illnesses and Alzheimer s disease. Synonyms of this drug are duvoid, miotonin, and urecholine. 

The major therapeutic uses of the cholinomimetics are for diseases of the eye (glaucoma, accommodative esotropia), the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts (postoperative atony, neurogenic bladder), the neuromuscular junction (myasthenia gravis, curare-induced neuromuscular paralysis), and very rarely, the heart (certain atrial arrhythmias). Cholinesterase inhibitors are occasionally used in the treatment of atropine overdosage. Several newer cholinesterase inhibitors are being used to treat patients with Alzheimer s disease. 

Since neurogenic inflammation may be important in the pathophysiology of vascular headache (Moskowitz, 1991 Gothert et al., 1995), the use of specific H3 receptor agonists could be useful in the treatment of such disease (Mansfield, 1990). 

Arterial hypertension, one of the most important diseases under modern social and economic conditions, presents a major problem to biochemistry the discovery of specific therapeutic measures for its alleviation. This paper discusses known humoral substances, examines each in the light of its possible relation to hypertension, and considers other evidence of the existence of such substances and their chemical structure. Humoral pressor mechanisms are probably initiated by neurogenic ones and therefore comprise only one link in the chain of events that lead to chronic hypertension. 

The immediate response to stress in a normotensive person may be considered to fall in the alarm reaction stage of what Selye (145,147) has elected to call a general adaptation syndrome, whose manifestations are essentially independent of the specific nature of the stress. The development of clinically sustained hypertension has been considered by him to fall into a second stage of resistance to a prolonged exposure to stress. Similarly, Wolf et al. (166) have presented recently an interesting discussion of hypertension as a reaction pattern to stress. The very readable article by White (164) also stresses the importance of the neurogenic aspects of early hypertension as a major factor that must be dealt with in the management of this disease. 

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