Avian embryos

Finally, there is evidence that constituents of technical DDT can have a feminizing effect on avian embryos (for further discussion, see Chapter 15, Section 15.6). Of... 

PF. Surai, B.K. Speake, N.A. Wood, J.D. Blount, G.R. Bortolotti and N.H. Sparks, Carotenoid discrimination by the avian embryo a lesson from wild birds. Comp. Biochem. Pysiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol. 128 (2001) 743-750. 

Stern CA. 1995. Detection of multiple gene products simultaneously by in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunohistochemistry in while mounts of avian embryos. Curr Top Dev Biol 36 223-243. 

Sherman, L., Stocker, K., Rees, S., Morrison, R., and Ciment, G., Expression of multiple forms of bFGF in early avian embryos and their role in neural crest commitment, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 638, 470, 1991. 

Ehrman, L.A., Yutzey, K.E. 2001. Anterior expression of the caudal homologue cCdx-B activates a posterior genetic program in avian embryos. Dev. Dyn. 221, 412-421. 

Collectively, these results demonstrate that neural induction occurs prior to gastrulation in avian embryos, which is much earlier than previously thought (Streit et al., 2000). Furthermore, neural induction is more complex than a... 

Couly, G., LeDouarin, N. 1988. The fate map of cephalic neural primordium at the presomitic to the 3-somtie stage in the avian embryo. Development 103 Suppl., 101-113. 

Saldivar, J., Krull, C., Krumlauf, R., Ariza-McNaughton, L., Bronner-Fraser, M. 1996. Rhombomere of origin determines autonomous versus environmentally regulated expression of Hoxal in the avian embryo. Development 122, 895-904. 

Tosney, K. 1982. The segregation and early migration of cranial neural crest cells in the avian embryo. Dev. Biol. 89, 13-24. 

The complexity and plasticity of BBB properties called for experimental dissection of the disrnption process in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Multiple cell and organ cnltnres, animal models, and measurement techniques have been developed, each of which addresses some of the issues involved. The development of research into BBB characteristics was initially approached in avian embryos, where transplanted endothelial quail cells invaded a developing chick chimera. A simpler cell culture model of the BBB was developed by Rubin and co-workers. More recently, an immortalized cell line created from vascular endothelial cells was used to develop another model of the BBB in co-cultures with glioma cells and was used to demonstrate nitric oxide-induced perturbations of these cells. hi another cell culture model, hypoxia was shown to increase the susceptibility to oxidative stress and intercellular permeability. ... 

These results indicate that innate locomotory competence does increase before crest migration begins in trunk levels of avian embryos, but such locomotory ability does not necessarily ensure that crest cells leave the neural epithelium. 

Vitronectin is an adhesive glycoprotein found in early avian embryos (Delannet et al, 1994). It is distributed quite differently to FN, occurring on or at the surface of most cells, rather than in the ECM in addition, its expression is reduced after neural crest cells have completed their migration. 

Boucaut, J.C., Darribere, T., Poole, T.J., Aoyama, H., Ya-mada, D.M. and Thiery, J.P. (1984) Biologically active peptides as probes of embryonic development a competitive peptide inhibitor of fibronectin function inhibits gastru-lation in amphibian embryos and neural crest cell migration in avian embryos. J. Cell Biol. 99 1822-1830. 

Bronner-Fraser, M. (1986a) Analysis of the early stages of trunk neural crest migration in avian embryos using monoclonal antibody HNK-I. Dev. Biol. 115 44-55. 

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