Netherlands, pollution

J. G. Nunan and co-workers. Catalysis and Automotive Pollution Control II, Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 1992, p. 221. 

Koeman, J.H. and van Genderen, H. (1970). Tissue levels in animals and effects caused by chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, chlorinated biphenyls, and mercury in the marine environment along the Netherlands coast. FAO Technical Conference on Marine Pollution. Rome, December 1970. 

Wise SA, Schantz MM, Poster DL, Lopez de Alda MJ, and Sander LC (2000) Standard reference materials for the determination of trace organic constituents in environmental samples. In Barcelo D, ed. Sample Handling and Trace Analysis of Pollutants Techniques, Applications and Quality Assurance, pp 649-687. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Yoshinaga Y, Morita M, and Okamoto K (1997) New human hair certified reference material for methylmercury and trace elements. Fresenius J Anal Chem 357 279-283. 

Since the late 1980s, several developed countries have made major public sector commitments to build awareness of cleaner production, also referred to as pollution prevention and waste minimization. These commitments, most notably in Denmark, the Netherlands, the U.K. and the U.S., have led the private sector to investigate and implement pollution prevention measures for existing processes and products. As a result, cleaner production is now seen in these countries as a potentially cost-effective complement to pollution abatement in meeting environmental standards. 

Chodak, M. and Dobes, V., Pollution Prevention Activities in the Netherlands, report prepared for the Province of North Holland, June 1993. 

CONCAWE, Protection of Groundwater from Oil Pollution, The Hague, Netherlands, 1979. 

Zoeteman, B.C.J., Harmsen, K., Linders, J.B.H. (1980) Persistent organic pollutants in river water and ground waterof the Netherlands. Chemosphere 9, 231-249. 

Sabljic, A. (1987b) Nonempirical modeling of environmental distribution and toxicity of major organic pollutants. In QSAR in Environmental Toxicology - II. Kaiser, K.L.E., Ed., pp. 309-332, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Netherlands. 

Zoeteman, B.C.J., De Greef, E., Brinkmann, F.J.J. (1981) Persistency of organic contaminants in groundwater. Lessons from soil pollution incidents in the Netherlands. Sci. Total Environ. 21, 187-202. 

Babiy, A.,P., Kharytonov, M., M., Gritsan, N., P., Connection between emissions and concentrations of atmospheric pollutants. Melas D. and Syrakov D. (eds.), Air Pollution Processes in Regional Scale, NATO Science Series, IV Earth and environmental sciences. 2003, Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands, 11-19... 

Karami E (2001) Extension, poverty and sustainability myths and realities. In 15th European Seminar on Extension and Education. Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp 59-61 Karami E, Hayati D (2005) Rural poverty and sustainability the case of groundwater depletion in Iran. Asian J Water Environ Pollut 2(2) 51—61... 

An indication of the environmental effects of hydrogen deployment for each of six European countries (France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, and the UK) is given in Fig. 19.10, where the fine dust emissions are shown for the hydrogen high-penetration scenario. Similar trends are found for other pollutants. The data are normalised in respect to the baseline scenario and show a trend very similar for the analysed countries with a reduction of more than 70% in 2050. The results are an average per country. At a local level, higher reductions can also be achieved if nontechnical measures, such as limitation of city centre access for non-zero emission vehicles, are taken. 

H.Fr. Schroder and F. Ventura, In D. Barcelo (Ed.), Techniques and Instrumentation in Analytical Chemistry, Sample Handling and Trace Analysis of Pollutants—Techniques, Applications and Quality Assurance, Vol. 21, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2000, p. 828. 

Although, since 1995, the extensive use of NPEO in Germany and The Netherlands has been restricted on a voluntary basis [22], in particular in domestic applications, NPEO and its degradation products can still be found in freshwater environments. However, the reported concentrations of these pollutants in these countries nowadays are much less than data reported for other countries, such as the USA or Spain. 

CONCAWE, Water Pollution Special Task Force No. 11 (T. L. de Pastrovitch, Y. Baradat, R. Barthel, A. Chiarelli, and D. R. Fussell), 1979, Protection of Groundwater from Oil Pollution. The Hague, the Netherlands. 

A working group on odours of the Inspectorate for the Environment in The Netherlands proposed, in 1983, an air quality standard for odour concentration in dwellings around odour sources (3). Because odour concentrations always have to be assessed sensorically, a guideline for olfactometric measurement was also included in the same report. Detailed recommendations were not included. In 1985 a draft chapter on odours will be pubished in the Air Pollution Control Manual with more details and comments on the measuring methods in use in The Netherlands (4). 

Although the results are not yet analysed it can be concluded that the threshold values agree. Results of this study will also be incorporated in the definitive version of the chapter on odours in the Air Pollution Control Manual. The draft is currently with the printer and will be released soon (4). In coming years a ringtest will probably be organised under supervision of the Netherlands Standards institute. Eveiy research institute, provincial authority and industiy will be invited to participate in this ringtest. 

The need to standardize olfactometric measurements is growing in the Netherlands. In 1984 interim limit values on odour concentrations were published in the Indicative Multiyear Programme to combat Air Pollution 1985-1989. This is a revised version of the 1983 proposal (3, 5). In 1988 or 1989 these interim limit values will be laid down in a General Administrative Order. By that time a standardised olfactometer must be available. In the meantime air quality standards will be set for about 30 so called priority substances. For some of these, well defined threshold values are necessary. On behalf of... 

Despite the technical advances in the past decade, no apparatus for measurement of the odour strength has been developed. Therefore, odour pollution studies cannot be performed without using human noses. In general, the efect of polluting odours can be studied either by direct assessment in the ambient air or by means of a dispersion calculation. The first method requires a number of observers to be placed in the vincinity of the odour source (3,7). The latter a dispersion model and an input value. For reasons of simplicity this method is most frequently used in the Netherlands. 

Environmental pollution is the subject of many political and social discussions in the Netherlands. This is mainly caused by the concentration of the animal husbandry farms close to the villages and cities. There are technical treatments of air and slurry to decrease the odour of it. Anaerobic digestion is one of these. This technology is known from biogasproduction. Most countries in the western world have studied this possibility for renewable energy. A lot of technical problems are solved but on most places it is not possible to produce biogas from farm waste to a competitive price. What is the feasibility for biogas production if there is a need for reduction of the odour emission on the farm ... 

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