Nervous system tumors neuronal

Binds to DNA and prevents separation of the helical strands Affects neuronal transmissions Binds to opiate receptors and blocks pain pathway Acts as central nervous system depressant Inhibits Na/K/ATPase, increases intracellular calcium, and increases ventricular contractibility Blocks the actions of histamine on Hi receptor Blocks ai-adrenergic receptor, resulting in decreased blood pressure Inhibits reuptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) into central nervous system neurons Inhibits cyclooxygenase, inhibition of inflammatory mediators Inhibits replication of viruses or tumor cells Inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase Antagonizes histamine effects... 

Neuronal cell death is required for the development of the nervous system. However, recent studies suggest that neurons die from programmed cell death (apoptosis) in brains deprived of oxygen by stroke [14] and trauma [15], and in the brains of Alzheimer s patients [16], Therefore, prevention of neuronal apoptosis has been considered to be a desirable therapeutic strategy for treating such neurodegenerative diseases, although the value of this approach is not yet evident. We have recently reported that crocin suppresses tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a-... 

Polyneuropathy with both sensory and motor involvement is much more common among cancer patients than pure SN [83, 110, 111]. SCLC is the most common associated tumor, although other solid tumors may be found [112]. Sensory-motor neuropathy is a quite common paraneoplastic feature in patients with onconeural antibodies, especially Hu and CRMP-5 antibodies. The CRMP-5 antibody is particularly associated with SCLC and thymoma [30]. The CRMP-5 antibody binds to oligodendrocytes as well as to neurons in specific brain regions and the retina and Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system. In accordance with this, the clinical characteristics are heterogeneous. Many patients exhibit mixed axonal and demye-linating sensory-motor neuropathy, optic neuritis, or cerebellar dysfynction [85, 113], as well as extrapyramidal symptoms (Chapter 5.3). 

The anatomic location of the primary tumor in neuroblastomas parallels the sympathetic nervous system, as predicted from its neuronal origin. The majority of tumors are intraabdominal, arising in the adrenal gland or the upper... 

Subsequent to these early observations, scientists discovered that transplantation of a mouse sarcoma tumor Into a chick led to a marked Increase In the numbers of certain types of neurons. This finding Implicated the tumor as a rich source of the presumed trophic factor. To Isolate and purify this factor, known simply as nerve growth factor (NGF), scientists used an In vitro assay In which outgrowth of neurltes from sensory ganglia (nerves) was measured. Neurltes are extensions of the cell cytoplasm that can grow to become the long wires of the nervous system, the axons and dendrites... 

Miura Y, Misawa N, Kawano Y, Okada H, Inagaki Y, Yamamoto N et al. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand induces neuronal death in a murine model of HIV central nervous system infection. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the United States of America 2003b 100(5) 2777-2782... 

Whereas most of these chemokines and their receptors are functional on cells of the immune system, it has become clear that the expression of these proteins is not restricted to immune cells. Under the influence of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-ip, TNF-a and IFNy, that are released during inflammation, many cell types are able to produce chemokines or upregulate receptor expression. Some representative cell types include endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, tumor cells, and cells of the central nervous system (CNS)—specifically astrocytes, microglia, and neurons. Endothelial cells under the appropriate stimuli are able to upregulate chemokine expression to attract cells from the periphery to sites of inflammation. Once attracted to a site of inflammation the immune cells express a number of counter molecules for attachment to adhesion proteins expressed on the surface of endothelium. This... 

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