Need to Be Made

Having decided that some essential matches need to be made around the pinch, the next question is how big should the matches be ... 

Most rigs are now fitted with a system whereby the drill string is rotated by a drive mechanism in the mast rather than by the rotary table at rig floor level. Thus 90 foot sections can be drilled before connections need to be made, and the drill string can be rotated while pulling out of the hole in 90 foot sections. This improved system, which speeds up the operation and allows better reaming of the hole is known as top drive. 

The advantages of this approach for part 3 of the standard lie in the fact that no specifications on geometrical magnifications need to be made since these parameters implicitly result from the demanded IQI detectability. Furthermore, the standard is open to additional applications. All that is needed is to the definition of the respective equipment class and a specification on the respective IQI sensitivities. 

What modifications, if any, would need to be made to this procedure if it were to be adapted for the evaluation of the purity of commercial Na2C03 (>98+% pure) ... 

Only one additional stipulation needs to be made before adapting the results that follow from Eq. (5.24) to addition polymers. The mode of termination must be specified to occur by disproportionation to use the results of Sec. 5.4 in this chapter, since termination by combination obviously changes the particle size distribution. We shall return to the case of termination by combination presently. 

Port-type ted dessert wines require skin contact time to extract the anthocyanins, but the fermentation must be short to retain the sugar level neat the 6—10% level desired. The winemaker cannot always achieve desired composition in individual lots. In order to teach the desired standard, it is necessary to make new lots to enable blending to that standard. The right volume of a tedder, less sweet wine will need to be made to bring to standard a lot with low color and mote sugar, for example, while keeping the alcohol also within the desired limits. 

Cetane Improvers. Compared to dedicated alcohol engines, fewer hardware changes need to be made to heavy-duty engines using cetane... 

An important part of the decision-making tool flow chart (see Fig. 1) is the redefinition of the specifications by the sensor customer after the surveying and testing of commercial sensor systems. This process almost always involves a downgrading of the expectations of the sensor customer, but it can also force a reaUstic evaluation of what sensor information really needs to be made available and at what cost. 

In order to implement the program, an audit needs to be made, as described ia the foUowiag ... 

Designers need to be made aware that there is scope for improving the friendhness of the plants they design. 

After the incident, an investigation team determined that the first operator had not added the initiator when required earlier in the process. When the relief operator added the initiator, the entire monomer mass was in the reactor and the reaction was too energetic for the cooling system to handle. Errors by both operators contributed to the runaway. Both operators were performing many tasks. The initiator should have been added much earlier in the process when much smaller quantities of monomer were present. There was also no procedure to require supervision review if residual monomers were detected. The lesson learned was that operators need thorough training and need to be made aware of significant hazardous scenarios that could develop. 

For some products, a decision may need to be made whether samples of product lots produced by a toller will be maintained at their site or returned to the client company. Certain samples may become hazardous waste, with associated disposal costs, when the sample retention time expires. When samples are held on behalf of the other party, ultimate disposal agreements should be in place. 

The system should be useable and understood well enough by production personnel so that an engineer is not always necessary when urgent decisions need to be made. 

The simple checks need to be made first. These include column liquid level, temperature profile, pressure profile and stream flow rates. In addition, a Delta-P. survey using test gauges should be made in the field and if not by the troubleshooter then under his direct supervision. Just... 

Fuzzifieation is the proeess of mapping inputs to the FLC into fuzzy set membership values in the various input universes of diseourse. Deeisions need to be made regarding... 

In this example it has been assumed that the service temperature is 20 °C. If this is not the case, then curves for the appropriate temperature should be used. If these are not available then a linear extrapolation between temperatures which are available is usually sufficiently accurate for most purposes. If the beam in the above example had been built-in at both ends at 20 °C, and subjected to service conditions at some other temperature, then allowance would need to be made for the thermal strains set up in the beam. These could be obtained from a knowledge of the coefficient of thermal expansion of the beam material. This type of situation is illustrated later. 

Analyses are types of calculations but may be comparative studies, predictions, and estimations. Examples are stress analysis, reliability analysis, hazard analysis. Analyses are often performed to detect whether the design has any inherent modes of failure and to predict the probability of occurrence. The analyses assist in design improvement and the prevention of failure, hazard, deterioration, and other adverse conditions. Analyses may need to be conducted as the end-use conditions may not be reproducible in the factory. Assumptions may need to be made about the interfaces, the environment, the actions of users, etc. and analysis of such conditions assists in determining characteristics as well as verifying the inherent characteristics. (See also in Part 2 Chapter 14 under Detecting design weaknesses.)... 

This information is likely to be recorded at the time the service is carried out and may well be remote from the parent plant therefore allowance for this should be made in the procedures. Provision needs to be made for this information to be collected, stored, and any corrective actions taken as a result of unusual trends being detected (see Part 2 Chapter 14). 

As discussed earlier, the successful diagnosis of faults in automated control systems is highly dependent on the mental model the worker has built up of the current state of the plant processes. Such a model takes time to construct. An individual who has to act quickly may not be able to make the necessary diagnoses without time to build up and consult his or her mental model. Even in a highly automated plant, provision needs to be made to display major process deviations quickly. 

This method is based on the Rasmussen stepladder model described in Chapter 2. It was first described in Embrey (1986). The basic units of CADET are the critical actions or decisions (CADs) that need to be made by the operator usually in response to some developing abnormal state of the plant. A CAD is defined in terms of its consequences. If a CAD fails, it will have a significant effect on safety, produchon or availability. 

Similar assessments are performed to evaluate the probability that effective operating instructions are available (Table 6) that staffing levels are adequate (Table 9) and that time pressure will be high or low (Table 10). In this latter case, since three influences impact upon time pressure, eight joint assessments need to be made. 

Correct gas/air stream for other than standard density (0.075 Ib/fF) because the manufacturer s fan performance tables are based on dry air at 70°F at sea level at a density of 0.075 Ib/fF. For flow densities other than 0.075, corrections need to be made. 

The essence of a plant engineering contract will be that the plant actually performs to the criteria laid down in the design, and this must be established before a Practical Completion Certificate is even considered. Tests will need to be made to the plant, and then it will be commissioned by the contractor and left in a condition whereby it can be operated as specified. When the work within the contract is complete, a certificate should be issued by the client (or employer) to the contractor. The architect or consulting engineer acting as agent normally performs this duty. 

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