Nature, law

The natural laws in any scientific or technological field are not regarded as precise and definitive until they have been expressed in mathematical form. Such a form, often an equation, is a relation between the quantity of interest, say, product yield, and independent variables such as time and temperature upon which yield depends. When it happens that this equation involves, besides the function itself, one or more of its derivatives it is called a differential equation. 

Natur-gerbstoff, m, natural tan, -geschiebte, /. natural history, -gesetz, n, law of nature, natural law. 

The fact that the ideal gas law applies to all gases indicates that the gaseous state is a relatively simple one from a molecular standpoint. Gases must have certain common properties that cause them to follow the same natural law. Between about 1850 and 1880, James Maxwell CENGAGENOW"... 

Many natural laws are most simply expressed in terms of natural logarithms, which are based on the number e = 2.71828. Ify = e, then the natural logarithm of y, In y, is equal to x. 

Lanthanides Elements 57 (La) through 70 (Yb) in the periodic table, 146 Lanthanum, 147 Laser fusion, 528 Lattices in ionic crystals, 249 Lavoisier, Antoine, 14 Law of conservation of energy A natural law stating that energy can neither be created nor destroyed it can only be converted from one form to another, 214... 

Third law of thermodynamics A natural law that states that the entropy of a perfectly ordered, pure crystalline solid is 0 at 0 K Thomson, J. J., 25 Three Mile Island, 525-526 Threonine, 622t Tin... 

No natural law acquires any scientific importance unless it introduces, so to speak, some practical conclusions, or, in other words, unless it admits of logical conclusions capable of explaining what has before remained unexplained, and, above all, unless it raises questions which can be confirmed by experience,22... 

According to the basic natural law, the time-dependent decrease (-cL4/d() is proportional to the actual amount of a drag (A) in the body. The proportionality constant is the elimination rate Ke). 

Horowitz, Maryanne C. The Stoic synthesis of the idea of natural law in man four themes. J Hist Ideas 35 (Jan-Mar 1974) 3-16. 

Horowitz, Maryanne C. Natural Law as the foundation for an autonomous ethic Pierre Charron s De la Sagesse. Studs Renaiss 21 (1974) 204-227. 

Both steps are characterized by the corresponding natural laws as well as empirical relations caused by measuring instruments and conditions. All such laws and rules are put together by the measuring function (calibration function). 

While the relations z = fdetiQ) can be derived on the basis of natural laws, the estimation of an empirical function z = femp(Q) for the purpose of identification and qualitative analysis is mostly carried out by (linear) least squares to fit the observed z-values for a set of pure component standards or a multicomponent standard. On the other hand, empirical relationships z = emp(Q) in the form of tables, atlases and graphs are developed by collection and classification of experimental results. 

By careful proceeding of measurements random variations can be minimized, but fundamentally not eliminated. The appearance of random errors follow a natural law (often called the Gauss law ). Therefore, random variations may be characterized by mathematical statistics, namely, by the laws of probability and error propagation. 

The interdependence of the measured values, y, and the analytical values, x, is well-known a priori - mostly by natural laws - and is, therefore, not subject of verification as a rule... 

Equation for the estimation of the values of a measuring quantity from given values of a analytical quantity. The calibration function may be known a priori by natural laws or estimated experimentally by means of calibration samples. 

Kuhn, T. (1961), Structure of Scientific Revolutions, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. Lange, M. (1995), Are there natural laws concerning particular species ,/ Philos., 112, 430-451. Lange, M. (2000), Natural Laws in Scientific Practice, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. 

The deterministic hypothesis this assumes that fundamental natural laws are responsible for the preference for one of the two molecular species. 

About 50 years ago, physicists were amazed to discover that the universe, which had previously been regarded as completely symmetrical, had a certain preference for left-handedness. It had been considered impossible that basic natural laws would distinguish between left and right. This assumption formed the basis for the physical law of the conservation of parity according to this, the sum of the parities before and after each physical process must be equal. In other words the mirror image of each physical phenomenon is also a real phenomenon (Ball, 1994). 

Chemistry is still one of the natural sciences, but in a special and unusual way. Chemists want to understand not only the substances and transformations that occur in the natural world, but also those others that are permitted by natural laws. Consequently, the field involves both discovery and creation. Chemists want to discover the components of the chemical universe—from atoms and molecules to organized chemical systems such as materials, devices, living cells, and whole organisms—and they also want to understand how these components interact and change as a function of time. However, chemical scientists consider not just the components of the chemical universe that already exist they also con-... 

The long-term goal of the basic science in synthesis is to develop the ability to create all the substances and organized chemical systems and transformations that are possible under the limits of natural laws, not just those that occur in Nature. The importance of such an extension of Nature is clear in medicinal chemistry, for instance, but it is also part of the basic science of chemistry itself. In most cases, only enough of the new molecules will be created to permit an evaluation of their properties. 

The periodic law is, like all natural laws, a summary of experimental observations. It states that a given property of elements varies periodically when the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number. 

For example, E. G. Mazurs (note 2, p. 105) expresses the discord as follows The periodicity of atomic structure must be accepted as a Natural Law. Therefore, scientists have to change their minds, get away from the conservatism that accepts only Mendeleev s chemical table as right, and adjust the other phenomena to this phenomenon that is, derive the chemical and physical properties of the elements from the electronic structure of the atoms. ... 

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