Water, structural nature

Leberman, R., and A. K. Soper, Effect of high salt concentrations on water structure , Nature, 378, 364-366 (1995). 

Luzzati V, Tardieu A, Gulik-Krzywicki T, Rivas E and Reiss-Flusson F 1968 Structure of the cubic phases of lipid-water systems Nature 220 485-8... 

The information obtained from X-ray measurements on the arrangement of the water molecules naturally depends very much on the resolution and state of refinement of the crystal structure investigated. For detailed information on the organization of water molecules in the protein hydration shell at the surface and on the bulk water in the crystals a 1,2 to 1,8 A resolution range is necessary 153>. 

Warner, D.T. (1962). Some possible relationships of carbohydrates and other biological compounds with water structure at 37°. Nature, 196, 1053-8. 

The water structure at the water/surfactant interface depends on the nature of the surfactant head group, whereas the hydrophobic interface plays only a secondary role [91-93],... 

S. Sastry, Nature, 409, 300 (2001). Water Structure Order and Oddities. 

Of course, this equation and its theoretical underpinnings does not constitute a model as such and certainly does not address the structural specifics of Nafion, so that it is of no predictive value, as experimental data must be collected beforehand. On the other hand, the results of this study clearly elucidate the percolative nature of the ensemble of contiguous ion-conductive clusters. Since the time of this study, the notion of extended water structures or aggregated clusters has been reinforced to a degree by the morphological studies mentioned above. 

The effect of the water activity of the aqueous phase, discussed in Chapters 2, 3, and 6, is determined by the total concentration and nature of the salts. Generally, the distribution constant for a neutral metal complex would increase with increasing ionic strength, as Ulnstrated in Fig. 4.25. This salting-out effect is often ascribed to a redaction in free water available for hydration. On the other hand, the salt also breaks down the water structure, which could reduce the energy to form a hole in the phase. 

Israelachvili, J., Wennerstrom, H. (1996). Role of hydration and water structure in biological and colloidal interactions. Nature, 379, 219-225. 

The peroxy complex of titanium(IV), Ti(02)(edta)2, has been used as part of an analytical method for either titanium(IV) or H202. More recently the structural nature of TiO(edta)2- in solution and the reaction of TiO(edta)2- with H202 to form Ti(02)(edta)2 have been investigated over the pH range 2.0-5.2. Two distinctly different primary coordination spheres in terms of spectral properties and reactivities towards H202 are observed for TiO(edta)2" solutions in this pH range. As shown in Scheme 2, these are the aquated forms (A), TiO(edtaH )(H20), 2, having two coordinated carboxylates and two amines and one coordinated water, and the fully chelated forms (B), TiO(edtaH ) 2, with three carboxylates and two amines coordinated to titanium(IV).115... 

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